1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Standardization of budding in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) var. sindoor on rootstock developed under elevated carbon dioxide enviornment(Department of fruit science, college of agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-11-15) Akshay, A J.; Priya Kumari,IThe study entitled “Standardization of budding in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) var. ‘Sindoor’ on rootstock developed under elevated carbon dioxide environment.” was conducted in Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture Vellayani, from year 2019 to 2022.The study comprised of two experiments and was undertaken with the main objective to develop a method to improve the growth and other physiological aspects of jackfruit root stocks that provide a better bud intake and bud union ; and also standardization of budding using different budding methods, age of root stock and scion. The first experiment was designed in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 20 replications. One month old roostocks were selected for the experiment. The treatments were: (1) Control (T1), involving rootstock plants maintained under standard conditions; (2) Control with a 3% foliar urea spray (T2), where rootstock plants received regular care along with a 3% foliar urea spray every two weeks; (3) Elevated carbon dioxide environment in a trench system (T3), exposing rootstock plants to increased CO2 levels; and (4) Elevated CO2 with a 3% foliar urea spray (T4), where rootstock plants experienced elevated CO2 while also receiving the foliar urea spray. For growth parameters like plant height, number of leaves and plant girth, the treatment T4 gave the maximum value throughout the observational period and the minimum value was observed in T1.In leaf area there was no significance at 60 DAS , while at 120 DAS the treatment T4 showed the maximum leaf area (108.49 cm2) which was on par with T3.(98.96 cm2). Similar effects were observed in shoot dry, root dry weight and dry matter production at 120 DAS with T4 giving the maximum values (8.56g, 3.78g and 12.97g respectively). In the month of August, treatment T3 (15.53 µmoles CO2 m-2s-1) exhibited the highest photosynthetic rate, with T4(15.03 µmoles CO2m-2s-1) performing equally well. However, in the subsequent months of September, October, and November, treatment T4(12.93, 19.07 & 19.58 µmoles CO2 m-2s-1 resp.) consistently displayed the highest photosynthetic rate.The treatment T1 showed a highest rate of transpiration at 60 and 120 DAS (12.27 and 13.10 mmoles/m2s) and T4showed a lower rate of transpiration (4.93 and 6.70 mmoles/m2s). The root shoot ratio and specific leaf area exhibited no significant differences at both 60 and 120 days after sowing (DAS). In contrast, when it comes to stomatal frequency and stomatal conductance, treatment T1 consistently displayed the highest values, while treatment T3 consistently showed the lowest values. In terms of biochemical parameters such as reducing sugar and total carbohydrate, treatment T4 consistently demonstrated increased values, indicating a higher assimilation rate in this treatment.The rootstocks treated with foliar urea and carbon dioxide supplementation (T4) demonstrated improved growth in crucial physiological and morphological characteristics including photosynthetic rate and total carbohydrate content, making T4, as the best treatment and the one chosen for Experiment 2. Experiment 2 was done using Completely Random Design (CRD) with treatments including different budding methods (B1-Patch budding, B2-Modified Forkert Budding, B3-Chip Budding), root stocks ( R1-2 month old rootstock from Experiment 1, R2-4 month old rootstock from Experiment 1, R3- 2 month old rootstock (control), and R4-4 month old rootstock (control)) and position of the bud in scion stick (S1-bud from 1th to 5th bud from tip, S2- bud from 5th to 10th bud from tip) with 24 treatments combinations and 15 replications. The patch budding technique demonstrated the best success rates for both bud sprouting (66.53%) and budding success (79.76%). The chip budding method had the lowest success rate (33.66%) and bud sprouting (20.21%). Similarly, patch budding demonstrated greater development during the whole observation period in terms of sprout length, girth, and number of leaves. The CO2 enrichment and foliar urea-treated two-month-old rootstock (R1) had the greatest rates of budding success (79.99%) and sprout length (60.88%). The two-month-old control plants have the lowest rates of sprouting (36.99%) and budding (45.66%) success. The combination effect of budding method and rootstock type showed that the treatment combination B1R1 (Patch budding done on 2-month old rootstock raised under CO2 enriched environment) gave maximum budding success (92.08%) and bud sprout success (77.79%). Similar effect was observed in all other factors like sprout length (at 30,45 and 60 DAB), number of leaves (at 45 and 60 DAB) and sprout girth (at 30,45 and 60 DAB). The minimum values on all the factors was observed in the treatment combination of chip budding done in 2 month old rootstock raised under ambient condition (B3R3). The combined effect of rootstock and bud position showed that the treatment combination R1S2 (Buds from 6th to 10th position budded onto 2 month old rootstock under CO2 enriched condition) with maximum budding success rate (83.58 %) and bud intake success rate (62.30%). This treatment combination, also showed improved growth in terms of sprout length (at 30, 45 and 60 DAB), and sprout girth (at 45 and 60 DAB) . The combined effect of budding method and bud position showed that the treatment combination B1S2 (patch budding done using scion bud from 6th to 10th position on scion stick) gave the maximum value for budding success (83.26%) and bud sprout success (69.93%), as well as improved growth in terms of sprout length and sprout girth. The treatment combination B1R1S2 (patch budding using buds from 6th to 10th position of budstick on 2 month old rootstock raised under CO2 enriched conditions) was found superior among all other combinations with a maximum budding success of 90.5% which was on par with other combinations like B1R1S1, B2R1S2 with a value of 87.69% each. Maximum bud sprout success percentage was observed in the same treatment combination with a value of 80.98%. Minimum value on budding success and bud sprout success was observed in the treatment combination B3R3S1 and B3R3S2. which failed to produce any successful sprouts. In all the assessed duration of 30, 45, and 60 days after budding, the treatment combination B1R1S2 consistently displayed superior sprout length, measuring at 4.96 cm, 7.69 cm, and 14.22 cm, respectively. However, no statistically significant differences were observed among the treatments regarding the number of leaves produced by the sprouts. Additionally, the treatment combination B1R1S2 consistently demonstrated a greater sprout girth at all time points, measuring at 1.41 cm, 2.26 cm, and 3.58 cm for the respective duration of 30, 45, and 60 days after budding. Patch budding method was found superior to the other budding methods with a budding success with a 57.7% more budding success compared to chip budding and bud sprout success 69.6% higher bud sprout success compared to the chip budding. Patch budding method is superior to other budding methods as it shows a higher success rate both individually as well as in combination with other treatments, in terms of budding and bud sprout success as well as other growth parameters. In summary, patch budding emerged as the superior method when compared to other budding techniques. Additionally, the application of CO2 supplementation to two-month-old rootstocks yielded a higher success rate. Furthermore, buds selected from positions ranging from the 5th to the 10th demonstrated a greater success rate in budding. These parameters displayed both individual and interactive effects, suggesting that the combination of these three factors contributes to the development of healthier and more successful budlings.This method has the potential to significantly accelerate the multiplication of the Sindoor variety. The shorter period required for rootstock development, coupled with the higher success rate of budding, results in the production of more successful budlings. This, in turn, maximizes the efficient utilization of plant material, enhancing its overall effectiveness