1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Evaluation of production performance in F strain of white Leghorn(Department of Poultry Science,College of Veterinary Science, Mannuthy, 1995) Beena C Joseph; Peethambaran, P AA study was carried out with ‘F’ strain of White Leghorn maintained at University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy in order to evaluate the production potential of the particular strain based on the part year performance. At the age of 18 weeks, 400 pullets belonging to four consecutive hatches were taken and housed in 100 multiple-bird cages of identical size at the rate of four hens per cage at random. Feed and water were given ad lib and the managemental practices were uniform for all cages. The production performance as well as meteorological observations were studied for five, 28-day periods from 21 to 40 weeks of age during the period from February through August 1994. Body weight at 20 and 40 weeks of age were recorded individually and the respective mean values were found out to be 944.05+ 8.86 g and 1346.67+ 12.19 g. The first egg in each cage was recorded and the mean age at first egg was 174.67+ 0.95 days. The mean ages at 10 and 50 per cent production in the flock were 178 and 196.5 days respectively. These values indicated very late maturity in the strain. The egg production was recorded as 56.73 eggs with 40.52 per cent on hen-housed basis and 57.09 eggs with 40.79 per cent on hen-day basis. The peak production was obtained at 32 weeks of age. The mean daily feed consumption was worked out as 93.83 g per bird. Feed efficiency worked out in terms of dozen eggs and kilogram egg mass were 2081 and 5.01 respectively. Egg weight at last three days in each period were indivitualy recorded and the overall mean egg weight for 21 to 40 weeks of age was 46.21 g. The total egg mass out put in the flock up to 40 weeks of age was 1044.07 kg with an average output of 2.61 kg per hen housed. Livability was found to be excellent (95.5 per cent ) in the strain. The mean of the maximum and minimum temperature recorded in the experimental house were 32.50 C and 26.120 C respectively. The mean per cent relative humidity was 76.67 in the F.N. and 69.18 in the A.N. On analysis of results, it was found that the body weight, egg production, feed consumption and egg weight are considerably low in this strain. There was poor uniformity in pullet body weight and also in age at sexual maturity. These traits can be improved if independent culling levels are fixed for body weight as well as for minimum rate of pay per bird. This strain can be improved further by applying selection for body weight at 20 weeks of age.Item Production performance of austra-white and rhode-white layers on litter floor(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Sridharan, E; Peethambaran, P AAn experiment was conducted at Kerala Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy in order to evaluate the production performance of Austra -white and Rhode -white hens on litter floor. The Australorp and Rhode Island Red formed the male lines and the 'F' strain of White Leghom formed the female line for the production of A W and RW progenies. One hundred and twenty (120) pullets each of Austra -white (A W) and Rhode -white (RW) at the age of 18 weeks were housed in identical pens in eight replicates each at the rate of 15 birds per replicate at random. Layer mash with BIS specifications was fed throughout the experimental period. Standard routine managemental practices were followed in the study. The production performance on deep litter for six periods of 28 days each were recorded during the period from December' 97 to June' 98. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the production performance of Austra-white and Rhode - white hens from 21 to 44 weeks of age under deep litter system of rearing. Body weight at 20 and 44 weeks of age in Austra-white and Rhode-white were recorded individually and the respective mean values were found to be 1181.50 and 1178.75 g at 20 weeks and 1477.45 and 1539.79 g at 44 weeks of age. The average age at first egg was 161.63 days in Austra-white and 159.75 days in Rhode-white hens. The mean ages at 10 and 50 per cent production were 166.25 and 179.13 days in Austra-white and 163 and 176.75 days in Rhode-white respectively. The mean egg production recorded was 82.98 with 49.39 per cent in Austra-white and 98.80 eggs with 58.81 per cent in Rhode-white on hen-housed basis and on hen-day basis 85.72 eggs with 51.02 per cent in Austra-white and 101.21 eggs with 60.24 per cent in Rhode-white. The highest production was obtained at 32 weeks in Austra-white and 31 weeks of age in Rhode-white birds on hen-housed and hen-day basis. The mean daily feed consumption was worked out to 113.22 g in AW and 113.66 gin RW. Feed efficiency on the basis of dozen eggs for Austra-white was 2.60 and 2.05 in Rhode-white hens. Egg weight at last three days in each period were individually recorded and the overall mean egg weight for 21 to 44 weeks of age was 48.02 g in Austra-white and 46.50 g in Rhode-white. The overall mean egg mass per day was 3.32 kg in A W and 3.56 kg in RW. The mean percentages of shell, albumen and yolk were 10.86,60.11 and 28.75 in Austra-white and 11.10, 59.39 and 29.47 in Rhode-white eggs respectively. The mean shell thickness were 0.42 mm in AW and 0.41 mm in RW eggs. The livability per cent from 21 to 44 weeks of age was 89.17 in Austra- white and 95.83 per cent in Rhode-white. The feed cost per egg was 15291 paise in AW and 130.95 paise in RW. Based on the above findings, it is evident that the body weight at 44 weeks of age, overall HHN, HDN and its percentages, per cent livability and per cent yolk in eggs were Significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Rhode -white birds. Whereas the overall mean egg weight and per cent albumen were significantly higher in Austra - white eggs. The differences in body weight at 20 weeks, age at sexual maturity, overall feed consumption, per cent shell, shell thickness and egg mass per day were non- significant between Austra - white and Rhode - white. Therefore it was concluded that Austra-white birds have an edge over Rhode-white birds in the overall mean egg weight and per cent albumen. Rhode-white birds are superior to Austra-White birds in body weight at 44 weeks, egg production, feed efficiency, livability and per cent yolk in eggs under deep litter system of rearing. Further studies using A W and RW birds are warranted under backyard conditions for exploiting the above traits advantageously.Item Dietary protein and energy requirements of ducks for growth(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1991) Peethambaran, P A; Ramakrishnan, AA detailed study was undertaken to establish the dietary protein and energy requirements of ducks for growth and also to ascertain the optimum age at slaughter in white pekin ducks. An attempt was made to study the general trend of growth in pekin ducks fed with different levels of protein and energy. An exhaustive review of literature has been presented on the effects of dietary protein and energy levels on growth and associated traits in pekin ducks. Five hundred and four (504) one-day old ducklings of white pekin breed were used for the study. Two feeding trials each for a period of ten weeks were carried out using nine experimental diets containing three levels of protein (17,20 and 23 per cent) and three levels of metabolisable energy (2400, 2600 and 2800 K Cal ME/kg). In each trial, the diets were fed to nine groups consisting of 28 ducklings in four replicates of seven ducklings each. The effects of protein and energy on production traits revealed the following: The requirements of dietary protein for optimum growth of white pekin ducks were 23 per cent until third week, 20 per from fourth to sixth week and 17 per cent from seventh to tenth week of age. The metabolisable energy requirement for optimum growth was proved to be 2400 K cal ME/kg diet from day-old to ten week of age throughout. The weekly body weights of ducklings receiving 20 and 23 per cent protein were significantly better until sixth week. Even though, ducklings receiving 17 per cent dietary protein were significantly lighter until sixth week, they recouped body weights by compensatory growth from seventh week onwards. The ducklings receiving dietary energy level 2600 K cal ME/kg have shown significantly higher weight gain and live body weight at first week. The second and third week gains and body weights were significantly higher in ducklings receiving 2400 and 2600 K cal ME/kg diet. The ducklings receiving 2800 K cal ME/kg showed significantly lower body weights and gains until third week. The weekly gains and body weights at sixth week were statistically comparable among the three energy levels studied. Rapid growth at early ages with 20 and 23 per cent protein was observed until fourth week. The growth was slow with 17 per cent level and peak gain occurred at fifth week. Protein x energy interaction effects on weekly body weights were non-significant. The interaction effects were significant in respect of sixth week weight gains, and feed intake at first week, fifth and sixth week of age. The feed intake at second and third week showed significant increase with increasing levels of protein. The energy level 2800 K acl ME/kg diet reduced feed intake markedly until third week. The cumulative feed intake at tenth week ranged from 7.879 to 9.423 kg per duckling, among experimental diets. The weekly feed-gain rations and cumulative feed efficiencies revealed poor conversion rates beyond eighth week of age. The cumulative efficiencies at sixth week were 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 with protein levels 17, 20 and 23 per cent respectively. The ready-to-cook yield at fifth, eight and tenth week were 66.39, 68.76 and 69.69 per cent respectively. The processing yields and losses, serum protein and haemoglobin levels; and the moisture, crude protein and ether extractives in liver and thigh meat were not significantly influenced by dietary protein and energy levels, and ages at slaughter. The marketing age in pekin duck was found optimum at sixth week on the basis of live body weight, feed conversion efficiencies and economics. Based on the above findings it was concluded that white pekin ducks require 20 per cent protein and 2400 K cal ME/kg diet until sixth week of age. In this study, the highest margin of return over feeding cost recorded with the above diet was Rs. 10.11 per duckling, at sixth week. Therefore, age for marketing pekin ducks was found ideal at sixth week on feeding medium level of protein with low energy density diet.