1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Standardisation of in vitro techniques for the rapid clonal propagation of mango (Mangifera indica L.)(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1996) Sulekha, G R; Rajmohan, KStandardization of techniques for the in vitro propagation of mango (Mangifera indica L) varieties was attempted. The studies were carried out at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 1992-96. Attempts for the in vitro propagation via somatic embryogenesis, somatic organogenesis and enhanced release of auxillary buds were made. Six monoembryonic and six polyembryonic mango varieties were subjected to the initial response studies. Neelum (monoembryonic) and Vellari Manga (polyembryonic) varieties were selected for further detailed studies. Explants like nucellus, embryo mass, segments of leaf and inflorescence were used. The effects of culture medium (basal medium, major and minor nutrients, plant growth substances, casein hydrolysate, sucrose, glutamine, coconut water, activated charcoal, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium butyrate, thidiazuron, polyethylene glycol, sodium chloride, silver nitrate, cobalt chloride and agar), culture conditions (light and temperature) and frequency of subculture on the various stages of somatic embryogenesis were studied. Among the various explants tried, somatic embryogenesis could be induced only from nucellus and embryo mass. In Neelum, somatic embryogenesis could be induced in 66.67 percent cultures of nucellus and 75.00 percent cultures of embryo mass. In vellari manga 83.33 percent cultures of nucellus and 66.67 percent cultures of embryo mass responded. Somatic embryogenesis from nucellus of Neelum could be best induced on half strength MS basal medium supplemented with GA3 5.0mg/l, 2,4-D 2.0mg/l, GA3 5.0mg/l, sucrose 60.0g/l, glutamine 400.0mg/l, coconut water 200.0ml/l, activated charcoal 2.5g/l and agar 5.0g/l. The ideal treatment for inducing somatic embryogenesis from nucellus of Vellari Manga was half strength MS basal medium supplemented with 2, 4-D 2.0 mg/l, GA3 5.0mg/l, sucrose 60.0g/l, glutamine 600.0 mg/l, coconut water 200.0ml/l, activated charcoal 2.5g/l and agar 6.0g/l. Subculturing in medium of the same composition at an interval of five days increased the percentage induction in Neelum (30.0 percent) and five to ten days in Vellari Manga (40.0 percent). The best treatment identified for the initiation of somatic embryoids from nucellus of Neelum was half strength MS basal medium supplemented with 2, 4-D 2.0mg/l, GA3 5.0mg/l, BA 1.0mg/l, sucrose 60.0g/l, glutamine 400.0mg/l, casein hydrolysate 500.0mg/l, coconut water 200.0ml/l, activated charcoal 2.5g/l and agar 5.0g/l. The ideal treatment for the initiation of somaticembryoids from nucellus of Vellari Manga was half strength MS basal medium supplemented with 2, 4-D 0.5mg/l, GA3 5.0mg/l, BA 1.0mg/l, sucrose 60.0g/l, glutamine 400.0 mg/l, case in hydrolysate 600.0 mg/l, coconut water 200.0ml/l, activated charcoal 2.5g/l and agar 5.5g/l. Subculturing at an interval of ten days in Neelum and five to ten days in Vellari Manga was beneficial for the initiation of somatic embryoids. The corresponding percentage of initiation of somatic embryoids was 66.67 in Neelum and 55.56 percent in Vellari Manga. A medium containing B5 major salts and MS minor salts supplemented with abscisic acid 5.0mg/l, sucrose 40.0g/l, casein hydrolysate 100.0mg/l, coconut water 200.0ml/l, polyvinyl pyrrolidone 10.0g/l and agar 4.5g/l was the best for supporting the maturation of the somatic embryoids of Neelum. The best medium for the maturation of the somatic embryoids of Vellari Manga contained B5 major salts, MS minor salts, abscisic acid 4.22mg/l, sucrose 40.0g/l, casein hydrolysate 100.0mg/l coconut water 200.0ml/l, polyvinyl pyrrolidone 10.0g/l and agar 5.0g/l. The size of embryoids was the highest (1.0-1.5cm long) when subcultured at an interval of ten days for Neelum and fifteen days (0.5-1.5cm long) for Vellari Manga. Incubating the cultures in darkness at 26 ± 20C favoured the induction, initiation and maturation of somatic embryoids of both the varieties. Near-normal germination of the somatic embryoids of Neelum was observed when cultured on a medium containing B5 major salts and MS minor salts, BA 0.1 mg/l, sucrose 40.0g/l, sodium chloride 0.5g/l, cobalt chloride 10.0 mg/l, polyvinyl pyrrolidone 10.0g/l and agar 5.5g/l. Near-normal germination of the somatic embryoids of Vellari Manga was observed on a medium containing B5 major salts and MS minor salts, BA 1.0 mg/l, sucrose 50.0g/l, sodium chloride 0.5g/l, cobalt chloride 10.0 mg/l, polyvinyl pyrrolidone 10.0g/l and agar 5.5g/l. A few germinated embryoids were planted out. However, they did not survive. Histological and morphological studies ascertained the status of the somatic embryoids formed. Scanning electron microscope studies depicted the morphological features of the developmental stages of the somatic embryoids. Attempts to standardize in vitro propagation via somatic organogenesis and enhanced release of auxiliary buds were not successful. However, de-diffrentiation could be induced from leaf segment explants of Neelum and Mulgoa.Item Studies on the effect of plant population density and age at transplanting on the growth, frequency of harvest and total vegetative yield in amaranthus (Amaranthus gangetlcus Linn.)”(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1980) Sulekha, G R; Mohanakumaran, NInvestigations wore undertaken at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani to study the effect of plant population density sad age at transplanting on the growth, frequency of harvest and total vegetative yield in amaranthus. Bach of -the three groups of amaranth seedlings aged 15 days (A1,20 days (A2) end 25 days (A3) were transplanted, at three spacings namely 10 x 10 cm (S1). 15 x 10 cm (S2) end 20 x 10 cm (S3) In the population density trial low density plants (transplanted at 20 x 10 cm) exhibited overall better growth and quality characteristics. With regard to all the characters contributing to yield/harvest;, and total yield, except yield/unit area, the low density plants exhibited their clear superiority over the medium, density and high density plants.Increased number of harvests was also obtained when planted at wider spacing. However for obtaining higher yield/unit area, transplanting at 10 x 10 cm seemed to have advantage over the others. Such closely planted amaranthus came to flowering faster than the widely spaced ones. The investigation carried out with a view to understanding the effect of age at transplanting on the growth,c yield and quality in amaranth, revealed that the 25 day-old seedlings when transplanted gave better growth. With regard to the quality aspects also, the 25 day-old seedlings seemed to have a slight edge over the others. However these plants showed early initiation of flowering, thus limiting the number of possible harvests. Further,when yield and yield attributes were considered, the 15 end 20 day-old seedlings performed better. Considering all the aspects together, transplanting of 15 to 20 day-old seedlings can be recommended for obtaining higher weight of leaves/plant, higher weight of stem/plant, better leaf/stem ratio, higher yield/plant, higher yield/m end more number of harvests.Item In vitro somatic embryogenesis in bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.](Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2003) Hima Sugathan; Sulekha, G RItem Performance of spiny coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.)under different shade regimes(Department Of Plantation Crops & Spices,College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2008) Appukuttan, J; Sulekha, G RThe studies on the “Performance of spiny coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.) under different shade regimes” were carried out at the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2004-2006. The objectives were to evaluate the adaptability and performance of Eryngium foetidum L. under varying levels of shade and plant population densities and also to study the feasibility of cultivating Eryngium foetidum L. under the homestead conditions of Kerala. Its use, both as a flavouring agent and herbal medicine, and also as a home remedy for various ailments point towards its inclusion as an important item in Kerala homesteads. The performance of Eryngium foetidum was studied at three levels of shade (25, 50 and 75%) and four spacings (10cm 15cm, 15cm 15cm, 20cm 15cm and 30 cm 15 cm). High Density Poly Ethylene shade nets of appropriate mesh size were used for providing the required shade levels. Observations on growth parameters, physiological characters, growth analysis, yield characters, bio-chemical analysis, storage studies etc., were taken and the benefit: cost ratio was worked out. From the experiment, it was found that the crop performed best under 75 per cent shade level in most of the characters studied. Maximum yield (1411.04 g/plot of size 120 150 cm) was recorded under 75% shade level and also at a closer spacing of 10x 15cm (1131.41 g/plot). But the interaction effect of shade and population density on total herbage yield was not significant. On analysis, no measurable quantity of volatile oil could be estimated. The highest NVEE of 0.86 per cent was obtained from the plants grown under 75 per cent shade and a spacing of 30 × 15cm. From the storage studies it was concluded that under ambient temperature the leaves could be stored for a maximum of 5.2 days and 4.8 days when grown under 50 per cent and 75 per cent shade respectively, whereas under cold storage, the leaves from 75% shade could be stored for a maximum of 109.65 days without any deterioration. Maximum benefit: cost ratios of 1.28, 1.27 and 1.21 were obtained in the treatments 75% shade and 15cm × 15 cm spacing, 75% shade and 10cm 15 cm and 75% shade and 20cm 15 cm spacing, respectively. In general, as the intensity of shade increased, performance of the crop was better. Since the highest level of shade (75%) was found to be the best for the growth and yield of Eryngium foetidum, a higher level of shade, can be studied. Further studies on intercropping Eryngium foetidum under the existing homestead farming situations and other shaded situations like coconut, rubber, oil palm and other perennial tree crops are necessary. Popularization of the crop and development of appropriate marketing strategy are necessary for making the crop more remunerative.