1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of ginger (zinbiger officinale rosc.)(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2006) Suma, B; Keshavachandran, RInvestigations on genetic transformation in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) variety Rio-de-Janeiro using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA 105 harbouring antibiotic resistant selectable marker genes (npt II) and GUS reporter genes were carried out at the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices and Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, CPBMB, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur during the period from 1999 to 2005. Axenic shoot bud cultures of ginger variety Rio-de-Janeiro was raised under in vitro condition to generate explants with reduced contamination for transformation. Half strength MS medium with BA 3 mg l-1 was found to be the best for establishing shoot bud cultures. In order to standardise a regeneration protocol, MS medium supplemented with varying concentration of auxin and cytokinin were tried on different explants. Embryogenic calli were induced from bud explants of ginger supplemented with MS + 1.0 mg l-1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg l-1 BA, followed by plant regeneration on MS medium + BA 3 mg l-1 + 2,4-D 0.5 mg l-1. Bactericidal effect of antibiotics towards different strains of Agrobacterium and sensitivity of ginger tissues to different antibiotics were also studied to standardise the optimum level of antibiotics. Cefotaxime at a concentration of 300 mg l-1 was selected for eliminating the bacteria after co-cultivation. Kanamycin 100 mg l-1 was used to discriminate between transformed and untransformed cells. Agrobacterium strains were collected, recombinants were made and the presence of the construct confirmed in the native strains of Agrobacterium before starting transformation experiments. Agrobacterium strain EHA 105 p35SGUSINT was used for standardising the optimum conditions by comparing the levels of transient GUS expression in inoculated buds. A suitable transformation protocol would include 3 days preculture of explants, bacterial dilution of 1:20 (v/v), infection time of 5 min, co-cultivation of 48 h and post cultivation on callus induction medium with 100 mg l-1 kanamycin + 300 mg l-1 cefotaxime in darkness for 2 weeks and then under 16/8 h photoperiod. Use of acetosyringone in the co-cultivation medium (200 µm) and vir induced Agrobacterium strain (200 µm), increased the efficiency of transformation. Histochemical GUS assays were employed to study and compare the transient GUS expression, stable expression from putative transgenics. Further confirmation was made by PCR assays. The regeneration protocol as well as transformation protocol could be effectively used for further transformation.Item Morphology and reproductive biology of maramanjal (Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr)(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2015) Mithra H Shenoy; Suma, BItem Evaluation of long pepper (Piper longum L) genotypes for growth flowering and yield(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2015) Maheswari R S Nair; Suma, BLong pepper (Piper longum L.) belonging to the family Piperaceae is one among the 14 medicinal plants which has high demand in indigenous drug industry and is also prioritized for cultivation and development by National Medicinal Plant Board. Even though long pepper is well adapted for cultivation as an intercrop in coconut, arecanut and rubber plantations of Kerala, its cultivation is limited due to poor returns from the crop on account of high expenditure on harvesting due to staggered flowering and lack of high yielding varieties with high dry recovery. Germplasm collection of long pepper was initiated at the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices and was further strengthened by KSCSTE funded project and 60 types were assembled. After an initial evaluation, 42 types were selected including check variety ‘Viswam’ for the present study. The present investigations on “Evaluation of “long pepper” (Piper longum L.) genotypes for growth, flowering and yield” was carried out in Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during December 2012 to May 2014. The objectives of the study were to catalogue the germplasm accessions of long pepper, to study the flowering behavior fruit set and quality and to identify superior long pepper genotypes with high yield and quality. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design, comprised of 42 treatments and six replications. The accessions studied were collected from Western Ghat regions of Kerala and also entries from NBPGR which includes the collections from different regions of Karnataka and Tirunelveli. Characters studied include six qualitative and eighteen quantitative characters including biochemical attributes. Cataloguing of accessions for qualitative characters using IPGRI descriptor for Piper nigrum revealed wide variation among accessions in growth habit, runner shoot production, leaf shape (base, lamina, margin), spike shape and spike colour. Among the forty two accessions studied, it was noticed that thirty eight accessions were found to be female, three found to be male and one non-flowering type. Maximum inflorescence (more than 55 per cent) was produced during June, July and August and minimum (less than 5 per cent) during December and January. In PL 42, PL 53 and PL 57 flowering was extended during May to October. Coefficient of variation for year round flowering ranged from 7.34 per cent to 46.32 per cent. Among accessions, number of primary branches, spike bearing branches per primary branch and leaves per plant ranged from 1.00 to 8.00, 1.00 to 6.71 and 21.67 to 166.0, respectively. The plant height, petiole length, internodal length of spike bearing branches and leaf area ranged from 39.67 cm to 88.33cm, 1.11 cm to 7.56 cm, 1.86 cm to 7.38 cm and 25.98 cm2 to 63.87 cm 2, respectively. The days from planting to emergence and emergence to maturity of spike in female types ranged from 77 to 146 days and 60 to 80 days whereas, male accessions took 135-141 days and 61-64 days, respectively. Number of spikes/spike bearing branch ranged from 1.00 to 3.21 and coefficient of variation observed were 54.81%. Spike length and girth varied from 0.90 cm to 3.10 cm and 3.75 mm to 8.86 mm in female accessions and male accessions from 8.10 cm to 8.18 cm, and 4mm to 4.03 mm respectively. Coefficient of variation for spike length and girth were 7.87 per cent and 6.83 per cent , respectively. Fresh weight per spike recorded highest in PL8 (1.06 g) and dry weight per spike recorded maximum in PL 12(0.20 g). Fresh and dry yield per plant was recorded highest in PL8 which was on par with PL9 along with check variety Viswam. Coefficient of variation observed for fresh and dry yield per plant as 122.45 per cent and 120.44 per cent, respectively. Spike set percent was shown maximum by PL 8 (97.42 per cent) and driage by PL 49 (20.66 per cent). Based on yield parameters, PL 5, PL 8, PL 9, PL 15, PL 23, PL 24 and PL 25 along with check variety were selected as superior accessions. For volatile oil, oleoresin and piperine content, accessions PL 5, PL 8, PL 12 and PL 50 were promising. Cluster analysis among 42 accessions based on qualitative characters and 20 accessions based on quantitative characters were done by using Multivariate Hierrarchial Cluster Analysis using NTSYS software. The dendrogram derived through qualitative characteristics showed degree of similarity varying from 26 to 100 and at 81 per cent similarity long pepper accessions were grouped into seven clusters. Based on quantitative data, the accessions showed only 14 per cent similarity. Since the accessions showed wide variability it can be utilized in future breeding programmes.Item Effect of growth retardants on growth, flowering, vase-life and tuber formation of dahlia (Dahlia Variabilis Desf.) propagated through cuttings(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1993) Suma, B; Philipose JoshuaA field experiment was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Vellayani during 1990-91 to study the effect of growth retardants on growth, flowring, vase-life and tuber formation of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis Desf.) propagated through cuttings. Among the chemicals tried Alar markedly retarded the plant height and at the same time significant increase in the number of branches and leaves compared to control and the effect of CCC was not much pronounced. Treatment with Alar and CCC markedly increased the size of leaves compared to control. Chemical CCC was superior to alar with respect to total chlorophyll content. There exists a highly significant increase in internodal length at the highest doses of CCC against its control except at 75th day. Compared to Alar, the plants treated with CCC show a highly significant increase in thickness at node and internode. Treatment with Alar delayed flower bud appearance by 3.9 to 5.9 days while CCC induced earliness in flowering by 8 to 10 days. However there was no significant difference between the chemicals for the number of flowers. Treatment with Alar also improved the size of the flower, increased the number of florets and the flower remained fresh for a longer period on stalk and in vase. Those plants treated with Alar showed an increase in the weight of tuberousroot and maximum tuber production was noticed with Alar 4000ppm.