1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Standardisation of seed biopriming for seedling establishment, growth, yield and nutritional characters in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
    (Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 0022-02-01) Diya Amreen; Beena R
    The present study entitled “Standardisation of seed biopriming for seedling establishment, growth, yield and nutritional characters in tomato Solanum lycopersicum L.). was conducted in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala during 2020-21. The objective of this study was to standardize the biopriming methods in tomato for germination, seedling vigour, yield and nutritional characteristics using three biopriming agents Trichoderma asperellum 106 spores mL-1and 108 spores mL-1), Pseudomonas flourescens 106 CFU mL-1 and 108 CFU mL-1) and Piriformospora indica 106 spores mL-1 and 108 spores mL-1) for one and two hours. The study was divided in to two experiments. Experiment I was conducted in Completely andomized Design C D) with fourteen treatments and three replications. During experiment I germination studies were conducted using roll towel method. Best three treatments were selected from experiment 1 based on the germination parameters. Experiment II was also conducted in Completely andomized Design with five treatments and four replications. The pot culture experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of these best three treatments on phenological, physiological, growth, quality, biomass and yield parameters. During experiment I, among various treatments employing T. asperellum, T2 T. asperellum 106 CFU mL-1 for two hours) recorded the highest germination percentage 88.67 ), shoot length 7.60 cm), root length 6.39 cm), shoot dry weight 0.92 mg), root dry weight 0.45 mg), seedling vigour index 1 1240.09), seedling vigour index II 121.30) and speed of germination 7.28). On biopriming with P. flourescens T8 P. flourescens 108 CFU mL-1 for two hours) reported the maximum germination percentage 86.67 ), shoot length 7.56 cm), root length 7.63 cm), shoot dry weight 0.91 mg), root dry weight 0.45 mg), seedling vigour index 1 1316.26), seedling vigour index II 117.54) and speed of germination 7.23). On biopriming with P. indica maximum germination percentage 91.33 ), shoot length 7.67 cm), root length 7.82 cm), shoot dry weight 0.97 mg), root dry weight 0.54 mg), seedling vigour index 1 1414.73), seedling vigour index II 137.46) and speed of germination 7.68) was obtained from seeds bioprimed with P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour. Based on the above results the best three treatments selected were T. asperellum 106 CFU mL-1 for two hours T1), P. flourescens 108 CFU mL-1 for two hours T2) and P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour T3) along with appropriate control. Then pot culture experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of these three biopriming treatments on phenological, physiological, growth, quality, yield and biomass parameters. Among the phenological parameters days to first flowering and days to first fruiting was minimum in T3 P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour) 51.92 and 78.75 days respectively). Biopriming with P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour T3) recorded the maximum physiological and growth parameters including chlorophyll content 2.82 mg g-1 fresh weight), specific leaf area 3.96 m² g-1), crop growth rate 0.912 g m-2 day-1) and net assimilation rate 0.027 g m-2 day-1). Among the various quality parameters analyzed, there was no significant difference observed for TSS and soluble sugar content. Highest Lycopene content 2.81 mg g-1) and vitamin C 35.56 mg g-1) content was noted in T3 P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour). Highest titrable acidity 0.68 ) was recorded in T1 T. asperellum 106 CFU mL-1 for two hours). Plant height was also maximum in T3 P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour) during vegetative 80.20 cm) and flowering stages 127.37 cm). Biopriming with P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour recorded the maximum shoot dry weight 8.31g), root dry weight 0.97 g) and total dry weight 9.28 g). There was no significant difference observed in root shoot ratio. The yield parameters including number of fruits per plant 7.25 ), fruit set percentage 56.78 ), average fruit weight 36.60 g) and yield per plant 263.56 g) was maximum in T3 P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour).The intensity of fruit drop 4.96 ) was minimum in T3 P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour). Biopriming is reported to have exerted significant influence on the growth, yield and nutritional characters of tomato. Among various biopriming agents P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour outperformed T. asperellum and P. flourescens in improving phenological, physiological, growth, quality, biomass and yield parameters. Thus being an eco-friendly technique, the farmers can adopt biopriming with P. indica as a great alternative for conventional chemical seed treatments.
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    Impact of online education during covid-19 in Kerala agricultural university:students' and teachers' perspectives
    (Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 0023) Ashitha, A R.; Bindu Podikunju
    Agricultural extension , Impact of online education during covid-19 The present study entitled “Impact of online learning during COVID-19 in Kerala Agricultural University: Students’ and teachers’ perspectives” was conducted in the four colleges of Kerala Agricultural University viz, College of Agriculture (CoA), Vellayani; CoA, Vellanikkara; CoA, Padannakkad and CoA, Ambalavayal. The objective was to study the perception of students and teachers about effectiveness of online education, delineation of factors affecting its effectiveness and identification of constraints therein. The sample consisted of 150 students and 40 teachers from the four colleges under KAU. Based on the judges rating and literature review, ten and eight independent variables were selected for the students and teachers, respectively. Perception of students and teachers about effectiveness of online education were selected as the dependent variable for the study. The variables were measured and analyzed with the help of various statistical tools like frequency, percentage analysis, mean, standard deviation, quartiles, chi square test, correlation and t test. The detailed investigation on the profile characteristics of students pointed out that, majority of the students (80%) were females, more than half of them (60%) belonged to rural family background and majority of them (55.8%) had medium annual income. Majority of the students (58.67%) were quite ready for the online classes during COVID-19 and most of them (86%) had self-owned devices for attending online classes. Seventy-one percentage of students had medium exposure to technology and seventy three per cent of the students used digital technology at a medium level. Majority of the students (68%) had medium adaptability with digital platforms and learning management system and nearly half of the them (46%) had fair quality of internet connection for attending online classes during COVID-19. The proportion of students who intend to continue their education online (50.67%) is marginally higher than the reverse (49.33%). Analysis of the profile characteristics of teachers revealed that majority of the teachers (65%) were female and half of them (50%) were middle aged. Majority of the teachers (65%) had less teaching experience. More than half of the teachers had prior 140 online experience before COVID-19 (60%) and had received training for taking online classes (65%). Sixty three percent of teachers belonged to the category of medium use of digital technology and majority of them (60%) had good quality internet connection for conducting online classes during COVID-19. More than half of the teachers (52.5%) had positive continuance intention for online education. The results of the study revealed that majority of the students (64%) and teachers (60%) had positive perception about effectiveness of online education. There was no significant difference observed between the perception of students and teachers about online education during COVID-19. Based on the result of chi square test, profile characteristics of students such as place of residence, annual income, continuance intention, e-readiness, exposure to technology and internet accessibility were found to have significant association with the perception of students about online education. In case of teachers, profile characteristics such as gender, age, prior online experience, training received and continuance intention had significant association with perception about online education. Among the five factors affecting effectiveness of online education viz., selfefficacy, subjective norm, attitude, digital competence and technostress, subjective norm had the highest score for students as well as teachers. Self-efficacy and attitude had positive significant correlation whereas subjective norm and technostress had negative significant correlation with the perception of students about online education. For teachers, self-efficacy and attitude had positive significant correlation whereas technostress had negative significant correlation with the perception about online education. In case of constraints in online education during COVID-19, technological and health constraints were ranked as the important constraints faced by students whereas insufficient/ unstable internet connectivity followed by the technical problems were the important constraints faced by the teachers. To conclude, students and teachers had shown interest in the use of online education in their academic activities and its use was no doubt intensified by the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though online education had worked as an 141 aid during COVID-19, shifting completely to online mode may not be possible in agricultural education system where many courses are practical oriented. Hence, there is a need of designing a hybrid mode of education which will be beneficial for both teachers and learners during any future crisis-like situations.