1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Performance evaluation of guava(Psidium guajava L.) in containers
    (Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2024-01-30) Tharene, R S; Manju, P R
    The present research work entitled “Performance evaluation of guava (Psidium guajava L.) in containers” was conducted at Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, from 2022 November to 2023 October. The study was undertaken to evaluate the growth response of different planting materials of guava plants to different types and sizes of containers. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 18 treatments and 3 replications using the guava variety Arka Kiran. The treatments included two container types (C1- Plastic container and C2- Air-pot), three container sizes (V1- 40L, V2- 60L and V3- 80L) and three different planting materials (P1- Air layers, P2- Rooted cuttings and P3- Grafts). Three month old planting materials were used in the study. The medium of planting consisted of soil, coir pith, and farm yard manure in 1 : 1 : 1 ratio across all treatments. The plants were trained by promoting scaffolds at 8-10 cm height from the soil level to achieve a pyramidal / bush shape. Regular pruning was followed to remove upright, criss-cross and drooping branches. Management practices were given uniformly across all treatments. Irrigation was done in alternate days in summer and at regular intervals based on prevailing climatic conditions. Plastic containers (C1) in comparison to air-pots registered significantly taller plants with higher plant spread, stem girth, leaves per plant (3 MAP, 6 MAP, 9 MAP and 12 MAP), primary branch girth (6 MAP, 9 MAP and 12 MAP), root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf area (12 MAP). While plants in air-pots showed early flowering along with more number of flowers, flowering duration and higher root : shoot ratio. Among different container volumes, 80 L (V3) had taller plants (3 MAP, 6 MAP, 9MAPand12MAP)withmore plant spread in both E-W (3 MAP and 6 MAP) and N-S (3 MAP, 6 MAP, 9 MAP and 12 MAP) directions. Earliness in flowering along with higher stem girth (3 MAP), primary branch girth (3 MAP and 9 MAP), leaves per plant (3 MAP, 6 MAP, 9 MAP and 12 MAP), flowering duration, number of flowers, shoot dry weight (12 MAP) and leaf area was also observed in V3. 40 L (V1)recorded the maximum root dry weight which was also on par with 80L (V3). 146 Among different planting materials, air layers showed taller plants with more plant spread in E-W (3 MAP, 6 MAP, 9 MAP and 12 MAP) and N-S (3 MAP, 6 MAP and 9 MAP) directions. In addition to this, early flowering and increased leaves per plant (3 MAP, 6 MAP, 9 MAP and 12 MAP), flowering duration, number of flowers, leaf area and root: shoot ratio (12 MAP) were also observed in air layers. Grafts (P3) recorded the highest stem girth, primary branch girth, root dry weight and shoot dry weight. Leaf tissue was analysed for physiological and biochemical parameters viz., chlorophyll content, total carotenoids, total reducing sugars and total soluble proteins at 12 MAP. Container type and planting material did not show any significant effect on these parameters, while 80 L container volume showed significantly higher total soluble proteins than 40 and 60 litres. The two factor interaction between container type and size (C x V), showed that 80L plastic containers (C1V3)recorded significantly higher plant spread (E-W and N-S), stem girth, leaves per plant, leaf area and root dry weight. The shoot dry weight was higher in both plastic container and air-pots with 80 L (C1V3 and C2V3). Air-pots with 80 L (C2V3) observed early flowering with more flowers per plant and enhanced flowering duration. Interaction between container type and planting material (C x P) also confirms similar results in air-pots with air layers (C2P1). Root : shoot ratio was highest in air-pots with grafted plants (C2P3). The two factor interaction between container size and planting material (V x P) showed 80 L having air layers (V3P1) outperformed other combinations with respect to plant height, leaves per plant, number of flowers, leaf area, flowering duration and days to flowering. Shoot dry weight was highest in 80 L with grafts (V3P3). In three factor interaction, 80 L plastic container with grafts (C1V3P3) showed higher shoot dry weight, while leaves per plant and leaf area was maximum for air layers in 80L plastic container (C1V3P1). Early flowering with more number of flowers was observed in 80L air-pots with air layers (C2V3P1). Another notable feature observed in the study is the presence of root coiling in plastic containers with 40 and 60 litre sizes irrespective of the type of planting material. Again, air-pot being a porous container showed a lower media temperature across all sizes. Correlation analysis revealed that container size is positively correlated with plant height, plant spread (N-S), leaves per plant, leaf area, number of flowers, shoot dry weight, total soluble protein and negatively correlated with root shoot ratio. The present investigation pointed out that an increase in container size enhanced shoot and root growth in guava. Considering the perennial nature of the crop and the superior attributes of air-pots over plastic containers, it can be concluded that 80 L air-pots with air layers (C2V3P1) can be suggested as the best option for growing guava in containers.
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    Vegetative propagation through cuttings and air layering in cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum presl)
    (Department of plantation, spices, medicinal and aromatic crops , college of agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2023-12-06) Dharani, B.; Vikram, H C
    Cinnamon commonly referred to as sweet wood or dalchini is one of the earliest recognized spices which is cultivated primarily for its dried inner bark. It is indigenous to tropical regions and naturally thriving in Sri Lanka and the southern coastal areas of Indian subcontinent and belonging to the Lauraceae family. This versatile spice is extensively employed as a flavour enhancer including cakes, sweets, incense, toothpaste, and perfumes etc. It is an evergreen perennial spice commonly propagated through seeds. The cinnamon seeds cannot endure desiccation, so they must be planted promptly after being extracted from the fruit. Many of the cinnamon plantations are of seedling origin, exhibiting natural variability. Vegetative propagation techniques will pave the way to develop true-to-type progenies and helpful in conservation of genotypes. Hence, the present study entitled “Vegetative propagation through cuttings and air layering in cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl.)” was carried out in the Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops during 2022-2023 which comprises of three experiments viz., standardization of propagation by cuttings, standardization of growing media for cuttings and standardization of air layering. In the first experiment, the propagation by cuttings was evaluated. For softwood cuttings, the minimum number of days for sprouting was observed in IAA at 300 ppm (11.00 days). The shoot length was not significantly affected by different growth regulators. The number of leaves produced was significantly superior at 120 DAP in IBA 100 ppm with 6.91 leaves planted during monsoon season (first fortnight of June). Whereas, IAA at 100 ppm recorded the maximum leaf area (5.80 cm²) in 120 DAP. The cuttings planted during the first fortnight of June with IAA at 300 ppm induced the maximum number of sprouts (2.63). The maximum root length (7.15 cm) and volume (1.95 cm3) was recorded in IBA 100 ppm treated cuttings during post monsoon season (first fortnight of November). With respect to sprouting percentage at 120 DAP, IBA 100 ppm was significantly superior (55.00 %) compared to other treatments. Cuttings planted during monsoon season (first fortnight of June) with IBA 200 ppm recorded the maximum survival percentage (52.50 %) followed by IBA 300 ppm (42.50 %) in 90 DAP (First fortnight of September and February). With respect to semi-hardwood cuttings, those treated with IBA at 400 ppm recorded a minimum sprouting duration of 6.75 days. The highest shoot length, reaching 4.31 cm, was observed in IAA at 600 ppm at the end of 120 DAP (first fortnight of October and March). The maximum number of leaves (6.11) was noted in IAA at 400 ppm during monsoon season (first fortnight of June) at 120 DAP. In terms of leaf area, cuttings planted during monsoon season with IBA at 600 ppm showed superiority, recording a maximum of 7.88 cm2. At 90 DAP, the highest number of sprouts (2.62) was recorded in the monsoon season. Semi-hardwood cuttings treated with IBA at 800 ppm produced maximum root length of 5.46 cm and a volume of 1.43 cm3 during post-monsoon season (first fortnight of November). The highest sprouting percentage (67.50%) was recorded with IBA at 600 ppm in 60 DAP. Additionally, IBA at 800 ppm exhibited the maximum survival percentage of 32.50. The hardwood cuttings planted during the monsoon season (first fortnight of June) had shortest duration for sprouting, taking 10.29 days. The maximum shoot length was observed in IBA at 2000 ppm, reaching 8.46 cm. The maximum number of leaves (6.56 leaves) was also recorded in IBA at 2000 ppm, whereas cuttings treated with IBA at 1000 ppm had the maximum leaf area (5.30 cm2). Compared to post monsoon season, the highest number of sprouts (2.20) was recorded during the monsoon season. Cuttings treated with IBA at 1000 ppm during the monsoon season exhibited maximum sprouting percentage (82.50%) and maximum survival percentage of 21.25%. In the histological studies, it was observed that semi-hardwood cuttings had a lower xylem frequency compared to softwood cuttings. In the second experiment, semi-hardwood cuttings planted during the rainy season using different growing media were evaluated. The coir pith used for planting had an ideal pH of 6.8 and an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.15 d S/m. Coir pith + FYM + VAM recorded the shortest sprouting duration, taking only 6.75 days. At 120 DAP (first fortnight f October), Coir pith + FYM + Trichoderma viride recorded the maximum shoot length (2.12 cm). The maximum number of leaves was recorded in the control (Sand + Soil + FYM) with 6.13 leaves. Coir pith + FYM + Trichoderma viride resulted in the maximum leaf area (4.78 cm2), whereas Coir pith + FYM + VAM had an area of 4.71 cm2. Coir pith + Vermicompost was found to be significantly superior, with a sprouting percentage of 36.25. No significant differences were observed with respect to survival percentage and number of sprouts produced from the cinnamon cuttings in all the growing media. Due to the lack of rooting, root length, and volume were not recorded in all growing media. In the third experiment, the performance of air layering at different time intervals was examined. The maximum root length (5.41 cm), number of adventitious roots (5.26) and root volume (2.86 cm3) were found to be significantly superior in June-July month compared to other months. The number of days taken for separation was recorded minimum in June-July (66.00 days) and maximum in August-September (68.57 days). The shoots layered during June-July and August-September resulted maximum rooting success (61.43 % and 57.14 %) respectively. At the same time October- November air layered shoots had formed no roots. The present study revealed that monsoon season is the best period for cinnamon vegetative propagation. Among softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings, it is recommended to use semi-hardwood cuttings with IBA 800 ppm for planting due to their higher survival percentage. The suitable growing media for semi-hardwood cuttings was a combination of coir pith, FYM (Farm Yard Manure), and VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza). Air layered during June-July recorded maximum survival percentage (82.50 %) and minimum in August-September (75.00%). When comparing the both vegetative propagation methods, air layering is the most ideal method of propagation in cinnamon with respect to the ease of doing and the resources required and higher success percentage. Hence, air layering is the most ideal propagation method which can be commercially practised in the months of June- July and August- September under humid tropical conditions of Kerala.
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    Morphological studies of different types of hibiscus rosasinensis L. and standradisation of propagation techniques
    (Department of Pomology Floriculture and landscaping, College of Horticulture, 1984) Verghese, C A; Aravindakshan, M
    The investigation on collection, morphological description and standardization of propagation techniques of different types of hibiscus were carried out in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, during the period 1979 to 1981. Thirty four types and fourteen varieties of Hibiscus rosasinensis, two types of H. schizopetalous and one type of H. mutabilis were collected from different zones of Kerala, Tamilnadu and Karnataka and were maintained in the College garden. Since the types collected had no specific varietal names, morphological descriptions of all the fifty one collections were made. Considerable variation both in vegetative and floral characters were exhibited by different types in the collection. A key was prepared based on important distinguishing characters for identification of different types of hibiscus, Acc.3, Acc.5, Acc.13, Acc.29, Acc.32, Acc.33, Acc.42 and Acc.52 were found to produce very attractive showy flowers of different shades of colours. Acc.43 and Acc.45 were bushy types. Pollen viability of ten types of hibiscus were studied. Considerable variation existed with regard to pollen viability among different types. Maximum pollen viability of 89.8 per cent was observed in Acc.22 and minimum of 4.7 per cent in Acc.7. Rooting of stem cuttings were assessed under two treatment conditions, with leaves and without leaves. Retention of leaves had significant influence over the treatment without leaves on rooting of cuttings. The response of growth regulators, IAA, IBA and NAA on rooting of ten hibiscus types were studied. It was revealed that in quick dip method best performance was recorded by NAA 3000 ppm followed by IBA 5000 ppm and IAA 10000 ppm for rooting percentage, number and length of roots. In prolonged dip method, higher rooting percentage, root number, root length and root weight was observed when cuttings were treated with NAA 50 ppm, IBA 75 ppm and IAA 100 ppm. Out of two methods of growth regulator application, quick dip method was significantly superior to prolonged dip method. The types responded differently to growth regulator treatment, Acc.19 responded best while least response was exhibited by Acc.7. From the studies on air layering, it was revealed that maximum rooting percentage of 89.3 was exhibited by Acc.38 and minimum percentage of success by Acc.7. Air layering recorded better rooting than cutting without growth regulator treatment. But, it showed lower rooting percentage when compared to growth regulator treated cuttings.