1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Bio farming in vegetables : effect of biofertilizers in amaranth(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, 1998) Niranjana, N S; Meerabai, MAn experiment was conducted at the Instruction farm attached to the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during April - Sept 1996 with objectives of finding out the impact of biofertilizers Arospirillum , AMF and dual inoculation under varying and varied levels of fertilizer on amaranthus. Study also aimed to note the economics of the integrated approach and to identify the best economic combinations which improve yield and quality of amaranth varieties Arun and Kannara local. The study had three controls and two number of replications. The results of the study revealed that yield attributing characters like no: of harvests, yield harvest", marketable yield and dry weight were highest in plots applied with dual inoculation of Azospirillum and AMF with 75 per cent dose of p.op. Azospirillum with 50 per cent POP also gave good results. Both these treatments were on par and was better than our state recommendation. Growth characters viz: Seedling growth rate, plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, LAI were highest. for Azospirillum inoculation at early stages. While AMF inoculation gave notable results at later stages. Physiological parameters namely Biomass, NAR, Root dry weight were significantly improved with dual inoculation and higher dose of chemical fertilizer. Leaf dry weight, RGR and CGR responded most to inoculation with Azospirillum at early stages, while at later stage AMF performed well. Kannara local was superior to 148 Arun at early stages. But Arun performed superior to Kannara local with the progress of time. Stem dry weight was significantly influenced by application of AMF. Vermicompost gave high biomass till 45 DAT. Quality of amaranth improved when biofertilizer was given with higher dose of chemical fertilizer in almost all parameters discussed. Dual inoculation with 75 per cent POP gave maximum content of total mineral and moisture. Ascorbic acid content was highest for the treatment dual inoculation with 25 per cent POP. AMF with 75 per cent POP recorded high protein content, the same bioagent with 50 per cent POP gave lowest content of oxalates. Less fiber flush of amaranth w.as got from plots given Azospirillum + 75 per cent POP. Uptake of major nutrients namely Nand P was influenced by inoculation of Azospirillum along with higher dose of chemical and AMF with lower inorganics respectively. Major nutrient status in the soil after the experiment was more in case N,P,K for dual inoculation, Arospirillum and AMF respectively. Irrespective of biofertilizer higher dose of inorganic gave greater residual amount of nutrients. Dual inoculation with 75 per cent dose and Azospirillum along with 50 per cent dose gave maximum l?:C ratio and net returns. Vermicompost recorded minimum disease score. Lower levels of chemical fertilizers recorded less infection.Item Chilli-amaranth intercropping system under fertigation(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Anitrosa Innazent; Anitha, SIntercropping is a way to augment production through intensifying cropping by combining different crops thereby utilisying the available resources more efficiently. The productivity of intercropping system can be enhanced by adopting suitable planting geometry and by proper nutrient and water management. Information on planting geometry and schedules of fertigation and drip irrigation can help in further increasing the productivity of the system. The present study was undertaken to assess the bio economic suitability of chilli- amaranth intercropping system under different nutrient and water regime. The experiment entitled “Chilli-Amaranth intercropping system under fertigation” was conducted at Water Management Research Unit, Vellanikkara during January to July 2017. The trial was laid out in randomized block design replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of chilli- amaranth intercropping system planted at two different planting geometries viz., normal row planting and paired row planting, three nutrient levels viz., 100, 75 and 50 per cent of NPK recommendation for both crops as fertigation and two irrigation levels viz., 100 per cent Epan and 75 per cent Epan and two control viz., chilli pure crop and amaranth pure crop. Performance of crops under intercropping and pure crop system revealed that the yield of intercropped chilli was 41 per cent lower than chilli pure crop. However for amaranth, the yield was 17 per cent higher under intercropping compared to pure crop. In addition to the fertigation of amaranth, amaranth receives nutrients from fertigation given to chilli crop. This resulted in the higher dry matter production and nutrient uptake of intercropped amaranth and finally higher yield. Paired row pattern was adopted to accommodate more intercrops. However planting geometry had no significant influence on the yield performance of intercropped chilli and amaranth. The nutrient levels showed no significant difference on the yield of intercropped chilli, whereas yield of intercropped amaranth was significantly influenced. Intercrop yield of amaranth at 100 per cent of nutrient dose (26,227 kg/ha) was significantly higher than intercrop yield of amaranth at 75 (21,824 kg/ha) and 50 per cent of nutrient dose (24,050 kg/ha) and pure crop yield (20,559 kg/ha). Intercropped chilli receiving irrigation at 100 per cent Epan recorded 37 per cent higher yield compared to lower level of irrigation. However, the performance of intercropped amaranth was not significantly influenced by the irrigation levels. The water productivity increase at 100 per cent Epan for intercropped chilli + amaranth was 170 per cent and 54 per cent higher compared to pure crop chilli and pure crop amaranth respectively. LER (Land Equivalent Ratio), LEC (Land Equivalent Coefficient), ATER (Area Time Equivalent Ratio), RCC (Relative Crowding Coefficient) and CEY (Crop Equivalent Yield) were worked out for assessing biological efficiency of intercropping system. LER more than 1.0, LEC more than 0.25 and higher values of ATER and CEY revealed the biological efficiency of chilli- amaranth intercropping system compared to pure crop system. Intercropping system under normal row planting produced significantly higher LER (2.84) compared to paired row planting. In addition, nutrient level of 100 per cent NPK recommendation showed higher LER (2.81) compared to lower doses. Irrigation at 100 per cent Epan recorded significantly higher value of LEC and ATER. Economic benefit of intercropping system was assessed using gross return, net return and B:C ratio. The net return of chilli-amaranth intercropping system (Rs.428212) was 116 per cent higher compared to pure crop chilli (Rs.197716) and 164 per cent higher to pure crop of amaranth (Rs.24548). The study indicated that there is an effective utilization of space, nutrients and water when amaranth was raised as intercrop with chilli. To get maximum biological and economic benefit from chilli- amaranth intercropping system, planting should be done at normal row with 100 per cent recommended dose of nutrients for both the crops and irrigation at 100 per cent Epan under fertigation during summer season.Item Standardization and quality evaluation of grain amaranth (amaranthus spp.) flour supplemented food products(Department of Home Science, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2007) Nidhi Bhatiwada; Indira, VGrain amaranth belonging to the family, Amaranthaceae is considered as an underexploited grain and suggested as a food for future having an important role in the human food system due to its easy cultivation and nutritional aspects. In the present study an attempt was made to estimate the quality of grain amaranth flour and to develop value added products using grain amaranth flour Grain amaranth was collected from the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur and flour was prepared from the grains after sun drying. The prepared grain amaranth flour was stored for a period of six months and chemical constituents and organoleptic qualities was analysed initially, during third and sixth months of storage. The microbial load of the flour was also studied at monthly intervals for six months. Amaranth flour was found to be rich in protein, starch, fibre and minerals like iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus and low in anti-nutritional factors such as tannin and phytic acid. The moisture, tannin and phytic acid contents increased whereas the protein, starch, fat, fibre, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and phosphorus contents decreased gradually with advancement of the storage period. A gradual increase in the bacteria, fungi and yeast count in amaranth flour was also observed with advancement of storage period. The products like chapathi, biscuit and puttu were prepared by substituting grain amaranth flour for respective main ingredients namely wheat flour, maida and rice flour. The organoleptic evaluation of the products showed significant variation between treatments. Chapathi prepared by substituting wheat flour upto 30 per cent amaranth flour was found to be acceptable. However, biscuit and puttu prepared even upto 50 per cent substitution of grain amaranth flour with maida and rice flour respectively, obtained high organoleptic scores indicating that these products are also highly acceptable The result of the above study revealed that as the percentage of amaranth flour increased, nutritive value of the recipes also increased except carbohydrates. Therefore, products prepared by substituting main ingredient with amaranth flour at different proportions were found to be more nutritious than the prevailing food products. One serving of amaranth supplemented recipes if incorporated in our diet will met 3.04 to 20.1 per cent protein, 28 to 53.3 per cent fat, 0.20 to 5.93 per cent of fibre, 4.46 to 13.5 per cent carbohydrates, 1.55 to 22 per cent calcium and 1.72 to 23.1 per cent iron requirement. The study highlighted the significance of value added products from underutilised grain amaranth as a solution to the problems related to malnutrition.