1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Investigations on nutritional aspects of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Leaf and its enrichment(Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Reshma, A; Saravanan RajuThe study entitled “Investigations on nutritional aspects of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf and its enrichment” was carried out at the Division of Crop Utilization, ICAR – Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram during the year 2018 – 2019. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major stable food crop for sustainable agricultural practice and food security in both developing and under developed countries. Cassava leaves are rich in protein, carotenes, vitamins B1, B2, and C, and minerals such as calcium, magnesium and also rich in anti-nutritional factors such as cyanogens. Efficient use of cassava products resulted in reduced feed costs. With proper processing the inclusion levels of cassava leaves in diets can be increased and can be used as an alternative energy source. The total fresh weight and dry weight (in grams), and number of leaves (per plant) were studied. For the ten different genotypes the fresh weight and dry weight of the leaves ranged from 168.33 g – 398.77 g plant-1 and 129.67 to 44.57 g plant-1. The number of leaves per plant also varied greatly in number per plant of each genotypes. The crude fibre content of the leaves ranged from 6.4 to 10.3% (Oke, 1966). In the present study the fibre content of leaves was obtained ranging from 18.73 to 48.67% for different genotypes. The lignin content in cassava leaves determines its anti nutritional quality. Higher content of lignin in feed limits its consumption. The lignin content obtained from the study ranges from 0.06 – 0.15 g/g for different genotypes. The linamarin content present in the leaves of the ten cassava genotypes were analysed and it ranged from 0.75 to 6.04 mg g-1 on a fresh weight basis. On a dry weight basis the content ranges from 0.34 to 1.2 mg g-1. The linamarin content at 7th day and 20th day of enrichment of the genotypes H1687 was found to be 0.3549 and 0.3504 mg g-1 while for the genotype Malayan 4 it was found to be 0.3631 and 0.355 mgg-1 respectively. The content can be reduced greatly as the duration of fermentation increases. The rapid reduction in the level of cyanide 75 after ensiling implies that ensiling is an effective way of reducing HCN in cassava leaves and roots before feeding them to dairy animals. In the present study, different genotypes of cassava leaves showed that the content of trypsin inhibitors reaches up to a maximum value of 33.41% for the genotype Sree Jaya (three month old plants). The protein content of the cassava leaves was found to be higher in all genotypes. The protein content of the enriched samples was found to be reduced at 7th day and 20th day when compared to the samples at 0th day. Addition of additives such as molasses resulted in reduction of protein content in the silage, The presence of high content of mineral elements particularly Ca, Mg, K elements in cassava leaves confirms its importance as a rich source of mineral elements. The mineral elements Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, P present in leaves ranges between 24.7 to 29.7 (mg/L), 123.2 to 230.9 (mg/L), 420 (mg/L) to 476.7 (mg/L), 151.3 (mg/L) – 385.9 (mg/L) and 1.53395 (mg/L) -2.9466 (mg/L) respectively. The mineral elements was found to have a slight decrease in the content on enrichment at 7th and 20th day when compared to initial days. For the present study urea was added as N source, yeast and molasses are also added into the silage for the enrichment purposes which enhance the fermentation rate of the silage that resulted in a characteristic odour, flavour and colour of the silage. The H1687 and Malayan 4 (M4) genotypes having high dry matter and protein content is suitable for use as leaf meal and preparation of silage from cassava leaves.Item Carbon: nitrogen dynamics in acid sulphate and acid saline rice soils of Kerala(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Vellanikkara, 2019) Irene Elizabeth John; Sureshkumar, PThe present study was undertaken to unravel the chemistry of Carbon: Nitrogen dynamics in submerged acid sulphate and acid saline soils, to identify the labile fractions of these elements contributing to soil fertility and to modify the organic carbon based fertility ratings for nitrogen recommendation in Kale lands. Forty-five representative soil samples from 4 different rice growing acid saline and acid sulphate soils of Kerala were collected and characterized for pH, EC, OC, total carbon, total nitrogen, available nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and B) and microbial biomass carbon. The soil samples were analysed as such after sampling on wet basis and the results were expressed on moisture free basis to have uniformity. The organic carbon status of the soils varied from 0.81 to 7.58 per cent. Soils from Kaipad recorded the lowest and soils from Vechoor Kari of Kuttanad recorded the highest value of organic carbon. The total nitrogen ranged from 0.05 per cent in upper Kuttanad to 0.42 per cent in Vechur Kari. The highest available nitrogen content of281.38 kg ha' was recorded in sample from Vechoor Kari and the lowest of 19.84 kg ha in Purakkad Kari. The C:N ratio varied from 13:1 to 24:1. Widest C:N ratio was recorded in soils of Upper Kuttanad and the lowest in soils from Thrissur Kale. The organic carbon was significantly and positively correlated with total nitrogen and available nitrogen status. Total nitrogen was the single most independent factor explaining 94 per cent variability of organic carbon. Soil samples were subjected to fractionation studies (both physical and chemical) to quantify the carbon and nitrogen that is associated with different inorganic and organic constituents in soil. In physical fractionation, soil carbon and nitrogen preferentially recovered from the sand, silt and clay size fractions were estimated. Of this, carbon recovered from clay size fraction was the dominant independent variable that explained 64.6 per cent variability of organic carbon. The different chemical carbon fractions studied were water soluble carbon (WSC), hot water extractable carbon (HWEC) and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POC). The water soluble carbon being derived from completely decomposed organic matter was not associated with nitrogen in soils. The HWEC being the most labile pool of carbon had significant influence on mineralisation process thereby contributing to total and available nitrogen content. The permanganate oxidizable carbon being a stabilized pool might not undergo further decomposition to release nitrogen and hence, its contribution to available pool was negligible. Among the organic pools of nitrogen, the total hydrolysable nitrogen contributed significantly to mineralizable N. Among the inorganic fractions of nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen was contributing more to the available pool of nitrogen than nitrate nitrogen fraction probably because of high solubility and losses of latter by leaching. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of rice to different levels of nitrogen in Adattu Kole with an initial C:N ratio of 20:1. The treatments with increased levels of nitrogen based on C:N ratio (treatments Ts-TlO) produced significant effect on plant height, number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, straw yield and grain yield. The total nitrogen content both in soil and plant were significantly influenced by higher doses of nitrogen fertilizers prescribed as per the C:N ratio. Among the carbon fractions, hot water extractable carbon contributed more to the mineralizable pool than water soluble carbon. The direct effect of total hydrolysable nitrogen on total and available nitrogen was very high. Ammoniacal nitrogen being a dynamic and time dependent variable, though contributing significantly to available N content, its effect on total nitrogen was negligible. This was in conformity with the results of experiment in characterization of soil samples collected from 45 locations. The maximum grain yield of 8.22 Mg ha" was recorded in the treatment where nitrogen was applied based on C:N ratio (wet analysis). An increase of 1.15 Mg ha of grain yield was recorded over the treatment where soil test based fertilizer recommendation was applied. The highest straw yield of 17.47 Mg ha was recorded in treatment where nitrogen applied was double that of C:N ratio based recommendation. The highest net return was obtained in treatment where nitrogen was applied as per the C:N ratio in soil.Item Palynological approach to screen coconut genotypes for high temperature tolerance(Academy of Climate Change Education and Research Vellanikkara, 2017) Anusree R Nair; Hebbar, K B