1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

Permanent URI for this communityhttp://localhost:4000/handle/123456789/1

Browse

Has files: YesSubject: search.filters.subject.Animal Reproduction

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 35
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Effect of processing and freezing procedures on the acrosome morphology of buck spermatozoa
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Ranjini, A; Prabhakaran Nair, K
    Six pooled semen samples (two ejaculates) of good quality from five Malabari crossbred bucks were processed and frozen in two different protocols to evaluate the effect of processing and freezing procedures on the acrosome morphology of buck spermatozoa. In protocol I, the samples were diluted 10 fold in Tris buffer before centrifuging twice and the final pellet was re-suspended in the non glycerolated fraction of Tris yolk diluent. The sample was glycerolated (six per cent), equilibrated (four hours), frozen (eight minutes), and thawed (250 C for 30 seconds). In protocol 11, centrifugation was done only once, after 15 fold dilution in Tris buffer. The re suspended pellet was glycerolated (seven per cent), equilibrated (three hours), frozen (10 minutes) and thawed (60° C for 10 seconds). The semen characters such as motility, live sperm, sperm abnormalities and acrosome abnormalities were evaluated at the end of washing and initial extension (stage I), cooling to 5° C (stage II), glycerolisation and equilibration (stage Ill) and freezing and thawing (stage IV). The results were compiled to evaluate the effect of different processing and freezing procedures on the semen characters in general and acrosome morphology in particular. The semen sample used for split sample dilution had a mean volume of 1.3282± 0.067 ml, creamy in colour, DDDD density, ++++ mass activity, pH of 7.275 2± 0.040 and a concentration of 2972 2± 293 millions per ml. No significant difference in the above semen characters were found between bucks. The initial sperm motility of 82.000 2± 0.606 was found to drop significantly during processing and freezing and the final post thaw motility obtained was 44.000 2± 0.790 in protocol I. Similarly in protocol II the initial motility dropped from 81.375 2± 1.089 to 44.750 2± 1.075 at the end of stage IV. Even though there was significant drop in motility between stages in both the protocols, there was no significant difference in the corresponding stages of the two protocols. It could be inferred that good post thaw motility was obtained in both the protocols. The fact that a single washing and centrifugation was only adopted in protocol II makes it a more acceptable procedure for buck semen freezing. The mean live sperm percentage of fresh semen was evaluated using both NE and NEG staining technique. The percentage of live sperms of 90.050 2± 0.801 was found to decrease to 54.250 2± 0.593 after freezing and thawing in protocol by NE staining. Similarly in protocol 11, the mean percentage of live sperms was found to reduce to 53.125 2± 0.793 with the same staining. Even though there was significant difference in the live sperm percentage between stages within protocol I and II no significant difference in the live sperm percentage between the corresponding stages of protocol I and I I . With NEG staining the initial live sperm percentage of 80.850 ± 1.494 was found to drop to 54.875 ± 0.677 in protocol I as against 53.400 ± 0.730 in protocol II. While there was significant difference in the live sperm percentage between stages within protocol I and II there was no variation between corresponding stages of the two protocols. A significantly lower percentage of live sperms was recorded with NEG staining when compared with NE staining probably on account of the fact that the differentiation of live and dead sperm was difficult in the former staining method as live sperms were stained light blue instead of colourless. The mean percentage of abnormal sperms of 3.050 ± 0.245 in fresh semen did not register any significant increase during processing. However, there was significant increase in the percentage of sperm abnormalities during freezing and thawing with the final abnormality percentage of 7.125± 0.706 in protocol I and 6.300± 0.36 in protocol II. The initial acrosomal abnormality of 8.825 in the fresh semen steadily rose to 23.375 in protocol I as against 19.825 in protocol II at the end of stage IV. There was no significant difference in the percentage of various acrosomal abnormalities between corresponding stages of the two protocols. However, there was significant increase in the acrosomal abnormalities during glycerolisation, equilibration, freezing and thawing under both the protocols. It was concluded that the processing and freezing under two different protocols did not significantly alter the post thaw motility, percentage abnormal and dead sperms and acrosomal abnormalities. A good post thaw motility and low acrosomal abnormality was obtained with a single washing of buck semen with 15 fold Tris buffer which was comparable with double washing with 10 fold Tris buffer.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Utero-tubal insufflation technique for diagnosis of tubal impatency in cows
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1981) Athman, K V; Neelakanta Iyer, C P
    The objective of the present study was to design an apparatus for utero-tubal insufflation test and to standardize its use in both excised genitalia and in live animals for the diagnosis and treatment of tubal impotency. Perfect obturation of the cervix was obstained using a stainless steel catheter with 22 FR. Neo Foley’s latex catheter sleeved over. Unilateral and bilateral impotency were recorded in 8.70 and 19.25 per cent of the excised genitalia. The incidence of unilateral and bilateral impotency in 37 infertile animals were found to be 2.70 and 13.52 per cent respectively. The mean pressure at which air escaped from both the tubes in excised genitalia was 128.12 mm. Hg. In cows and 148.93 mm. Hg. In heifers. On the contrary in experimental animals the corresponding pressure in cows and heifers were 116.38 mm. Hg. And 127.50 mm. Hg. Respectively. It was observed that a higher pressure was required to open both the tubes in heifers than in cows. Blown up condition of the uterus took place in excised genitalia of cows and heifers between 100-280 mm. Hg. And 100-260 mm. Hg. Respectively. The pressure range for producing “blown up” condition in experimental animal was found to be 120-220 mm. Hg. In cows and 195-200 mm. Hg. In heifers. Since the safety margin was estimated to be 60.00 mm. Hg. In experimental cows, the test is considered to be a safe diagnostic test for tubal impotency. Although uterus might be “blown up” in a very few cases at a pressure lower than the higher pressure for escape of air from normally patent tubes, the test will not endanger the life of the animal. Since 69.56 percentage of cows with bilateral patency of salpinx on testing conceived after insemination, utero-tubal insufflation test could also be exploited for the treatment of temporary tubal blockage.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Induction of parturition and evaluation of postpartum fertility in crossbred cows
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Sheeja, S; Aravinda Ghosh, K N
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Comparative study on superovulatory response and viability of embryos in peripubertal and Malabari Goats
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Metilda Joseph; Vijayakumaran, V
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Reproductive pattern and performance of nanny goats in Kerala
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Krishna Kumar, G; Sudarsanan, V
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Seasonal fertility of billy goats
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1995) Ibraheem Kutty, C; Sudarsanan, V
    Biweekly data on body weight, scrotal circumference, testicular length and diameter and weekly data on semen parameters as volume, colour, pH, consistency, density, sperm concentration, mass activity, initial motility, sperm abnormality, vitality, metabolism and resistance to hyperosmotic medium of seven billy goats were pertaining to four seasons arrived at on the basis of a simultaneously kept daily record of maximum-minimum temperature, humidity and day length. It was statistically analysed to find out that the differences between seasons were significant to be attributed to the environmental variables. Mean body weight, scrotal circumference and testicular length and diameter were 43.62 ± 1.11 kg, 25.08 ± 0.12 cm, 8.57 ± 0.07 cm and 5.32 ± 0.03 cm respectively. There was no significant difference between the seasons except in testicular diameter and they were found to maintain an inverse relationship with day length and humidity. Mean volume, pH, initial motility, sperm concentration, total number of sperm per ejaculate, live sperm per cent, abnormal sperm per cent, MBR time and R value were 0.75 ± 0.04 ml, 6.25 ± 0.02, 73.51 ± 0.98 per cent, 3600 ± 144 millions/ml, 2660.6 ± 133.96 millions, 83.44 ± 0.76, 4.33 ± 0.43, 277.1 ± 14.27 seconds and 84.75 ± 12.39 ml respectively. There was no significant difference between seasons in these parameters except, pH, initial motility, live sperm per cent and R value. They were found to have a significant difference between seasons and were found to maintain either direct or indirect relationship with humidity and day length. Semen on extension with milk antibiotic extender and on storage under refrigeration was found to fast deteriorate rendering it unusable in 24 h. Semen on the day of collection and extension, was used for artificial insemination and result of insemination was found to be independent of the significant or nonsignificant seasonal differences of semen parameters. But, during the period of study, there were two peaks in conception and two peaks in birth corresponding to it. The pattern appeared to be an adjustment of reproduction by the female to the varying food availability and climate with little involvement of the male.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Investigation on the pathological conditions in the genitalia of female goats
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Ramachandran, K; Neelakanta Iyer, C P
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Superovulatory response, embryo collection and transfer in crossbred cows
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1996) Unnikrishnan, M P; Suresan Nair, S P
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Structural and functional changes in the testis and epididymis of cross bred bulls with impaired fertility
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2000) Sreekumaran, T; Balakrishnan, P P
    With the object of suggesting suitable measures in the selection of breeding bulls the structural and functional changes in testis and epididymis of 153 crossbreed males of different crosses viz., Jersey (CBJ), Brown Swiss (CBBS) and Holstein Friesian (CBHF) were investigated during the period from 1993 to 1998. The records maintained at Dhoni farm for the past five years were also screened to assess the incidence of various infertility conditions and the rate of culling. The study was carried out by dividing the males into three age groups viz., birth to 12 months (Group 1), 12 months to 24 months (Group II) and 24 months and above (Group III). Group I-Bull calves Measurement of testis and epididymis showed variation between different crosses. The mean scrotal circumference 19.42 ± 1.03 cm was found varied between different crosses. One case of bilateral cryptorchidism was detected. Among 53 bull calves 6 (11.32 per cent) were culled due to various reproductive disorders. Group II-Growing bulls Although different types of scroti were detected oval shape was predominant. The scrotal circumference was found to be 29.86 ± 0.38 cm. Lack of libido was predominant among growing bulls. The mean ejaculate volume, initial motility, sperm concentration and live sperm count were found to be 2.91 ± 0.16 ml, 49.77 ± 2.12 per cent, 1299.73 ± 56.25 million per ml and 58.76 ± 2.15 per cent respectively. Freezability of semen was highly correlated with volume and initial motility. Unilateral hypoplasia (4.48 per cent) and bilateral partial hypoplasia (8.96 per cent) were the main pathological conditions detected. Testicular degeneration was found to be in the extent of 16.41 per cent. One case of epididymal dysfunction was also detected. The rate of culling among growing bull was 47.58 per cent due to reproductive disorders. Group III-Adult bulls Although different shapes of scrotum were detected, oval shape was predominant. The scrotal circumference was 35.29 ± 0.74 cm. The prefreezing, post-freezing and total rejection were 12.00, 11.20 and 23.20 per cent respectively. The main infertility conditions noted were bilateral partial hypoplasia (5 per cent) and testicular degeneration (15 per cent). Estimation of seminal plasma enzymes revealed that those having 50 per cent and above freezability had lower level of seminal enzymes than those showing less than 50 per cent freezability. The percentage of adult bulls culled due to various reproductive disorders were 22.50 per cent. Thus it could be concluded that screening of bulls for better breeding performance should be started from birth onwards. Measurement of testis and epididymis and scrotal circumference give good indication for future breeding performance. Incidence of cryptorchidism should be guarded. Shape of scrotum has negligible importance. Lack of libido in growing bulls should not be neglected. Incidence of testicular hypoplasia and testicular degeneration needs special attention. Estimation of seminal plasma enzymes is a good indication for the suitability of semen for freezing. Samples of tissues from testis affected with cryptorchidism, hypoplasia and degeneration were subjected to scanning electron microscopy.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Ultrasonographic evaluation of prostate gland in dogs
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Divya Nair, R; Aravinda Ghosh, K N
    Ultrasonographic evaluation of prostate gland of adult male dogs was carried out in the present study to correlate with the fertility of the animal. Initially digital examination of the prostate gland per rectum was performed in 56 male dogs of four different breeds German shepherd, Rottweiler, Dachshund and Spitz to find the location, symmetry, consistency, mobility and pain on palpation. All the dogs were subjected to transabdominal ultrasonographic evaluation of the prostate. Prostatic measurements were taken in longitudinal and transverse sections. In German shepherd dogs of mean age 4.03years and mean body weight 24.21kg, the mean prostatic volume and weight based on formula calculation were 26.62±1.58 and 24.33±1.65 respectively. In Rottweiler, of 3.35 year and 35.25kg, the calculated mean prostatic volume and weight were 26.32±2.55 and 24.01±2.66 respectively. In Dachshund, the mean age was 3.94 years and the mean body weight was 8.71 kg. Calculated mean prostatic volume and weight were 13.07±0.96 and 10.89±0.10 respectively. In Spitz of mean age 2.95 years and mean body weight 5.46 kg, calculated mean prostatic volume and weight were 11.63±0.24 and 8.71±0.25 respectively. In diseased animals, of mean age 6.67 years and mean body weight 20.35kg, calculated mean prostatic volume and weight were 42.73±8.46 and 41.12±8.82 respectively. The measurements were found greater than measurements of adult animals and that suggested prostatic diseases. Four dogs were found having benign prostatic hyperplasia and one with prostatic cyst and another with prostatic abscess. Transrectal ultrasonography was done in German shepherd and Rottweilers and for German shepherd, the mean prostatic length obtained was 2.95±0.10cm and the mean width was 2.44±0.15. For Rottweiler, the mean prostatic length obtained was 2.92±0.15cm and the mean width was 2.42±0.17. Urine and blood were collected from 10 prostatic disease suspected animals and from 10 apparently healthy animals for detailed clinical investigation. Prostatic fluid was collected from them for cytology and culture and sensitivity tests. In disease suspected and normal healthy dogs, urinalysis could not establish major findings except of the presence of few more erythrocytes and squamous epithelial cells in urine of diseased animals. Culture and sensitivity of urine and prostatic fluid were negative in all the dogs. In 40 per cent of the diseased dogs there were presence of neutrophils and in 30 per cent of them, there were few erythrocytes. The mean erythrocyte count obtained for the normal and disease suspected animals were 3.33±1.06 and 3.89±1.41 respectively. The mean leucocyte count obtained for the normal and diseased dogs were 9485.33±1825.95 and 9854± 1921.02 respectively. There was leucocytosis with left shift in one animal. The mean values for Serum alkaline phosphatase in normal and disease suspected dogs were found as 55.53±11.06 units and 62±9.6 respectively. The mean values for serum acid phosphatase in normal and disease suspected dogs were 4.85±1.96 and 4.74±2.10 respectively. From the study, it was found that prostatic disorders mostly BPH were commonly encountered in older dogs without significant change in clinical and biochemical parameters. In conclusion, real- time B- mode ultrasound transabdominal and transrectal scanning was found to be reliable, safe and accurate for the examination of prostate gland in dogs. However, in small breeds, transrectal scanning using a specialised smaller rectal probe will be useful for the evaluation of prostate gland.