1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Preservability of bovine preantral follicles in situ(Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Harinarayanan, P M; Vijayakumaran, VItem Reproductive performance of cross bred heifers under special livestock breeding programme of Kerala(Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Sathyaraj, N; Aravinda Ghosh, K NItem Cryopreservability of caprine oocytes and embryos by conventional straw and open pulled straw vitrification(Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2006) Ratheesh Babu, M; Vijayakumaran, VItem Effect of ovum retrieval methods and cumulus-oocyte complex morphology on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2005) Magnus Paul, K; Sreekumaran, TItem Fertility trials on induced oestrum in repeat breeding cattle with prolonged oestrum(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2005) Jeba Sujana Dhas; Aravinda Ghosh, K NThe objective of the present study is to evaluate the fertility in repeat breeding cattle with prolonged oestrum after oestrus induction and subsequent treatment with GnRH and hCG. Detailed data of cross bred cows and heifers belonging to University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy and those presented at Artificial Insemination Centre, attached to the Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy were collected. Repeat breeding animals with a history of prolonged oestrum were randomly selected and allotted into four groups of ten animals in each. Group I repeat breeding animals were subjected to induction of oestrus using 25 mg dinoprost, a PGF2 alpha analogue (Lutalyse) and insemination was done twice at an interval of 24 h on detection of proper signs of oestrum. In group II, oestrus induction was done using 25 mg Dinoprost on tenth day of cycle and 10 μg Buserelin a GnRH analogue (Receptal) was administered 48 h after PGF2 alpha administration. In group III, oestrus was induced using 25 mg Dinoprost on tenth day of cycle and 1500 IU hCG (Chorulon) was administered 48 h after PGF2 alpha administration. Both group II and III repeat breeding animals were inseminated twice at an interval of 24 h on detection of proper signs of oestrum. Group IV repeat breeding animals were subjected to insemination during natural oestrum. A total of 817 animals were screened of which 21.91 per cent animals were repeat breeders, out of which 26.26 per cent animals showed prolongation of oestrual signs. Among the 193 farm animals investigated, 19.17 per cent were repeaters out of which 21.62 per cent of animals showed prolonged oestrum. The duration of prolonged oestrum ranged from 32 to 96 h with a mean of 65.65 2.57 h. Out of 40 repeat breeding animals showing prolonged oestrum selected for the study, 35 per cent animals exhibited oestrus length between 30-48 h, 45 per cent between 48-72 h, and 20 per cent between 72 and 96 h. The intensity of oestrum was found to be higher in 77.5 per cent, medium in 20 per cent and low in 2.5 per cent animals. All the 30 repeat breeding animals in group I, II, III subjected to PGF2 alpha administration responded to the treatment by exhibiting oestrus signs, and hence the efficacy was 100 per cent. The time taken for induction of oestrus in group I, II and III were 52.7 2.99 h, 51.7 2.68 h and 52.0 2.68 h respectively. The duration of oestrus in groups I, II and III were 68.6 3.75 h, 38.6 3.75 h and 37.4 3.75 h respectively. Physical changes in the reproductive tract of repeat breeding animals showing prolonged oestrum were more pronounced during natural oestrum than during induced oestrum. The conception rate during induced oestrum in group I, II, III and control group were 50, 40, 40 and 30 per cent respectively. Overall conception rate for three consecutive oestrus in group I, II, III and control group were 60, 60, 50 and 40 percentage respectively. It can be recommended that induction of oestrus using prostaglandin could be employed for enhancing the conception rate in repeat breeding animals with the history of prolonged oestrum.Item Non-antibiotic therapy for sub clinical endometritis in repeat breeding cattle(Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Safna Isaac, M; Joseph MathewThe present investigation “Non-antibiotic therapy for sub clinical endometritis in repeat breeding cattle” was conducted during the period from July 2006 to February 2007 in cross bred animals brought for artificial insemination. The material for the study consisted of repeat breeder cows and heifers maintained at University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy and those presented at Artificial insemination centre and Bull station attached to the Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. The incidence of repeat breeding, the occurrence of sub clinical endometritis and various aspects of oestrous cycle were studied. Repeat breeding animals with sub clinical endometritis were randomly selected and allotted to groups I to V comprising of 10, 12, 12, 10 and 10 animals respectively and following treatment regimes were undertaken. Group I animals were given 50 ml of one per cent lugol’s iodine intrauterine 24 h prior to insemination. Group II animals were given 50 ml of one per cent lugol’s iodine intrauterine 24 h after insemination. In group III, a synthetic PGF2 alpha analogue (CLOSTENOL) was given intramuscularly on eleventh day of oestrous cycle followed by timed inseminations at 72 and 96 h of injection. Group IV animals were subjected to prostaglandin injections at 11 days interval on the luteal phase of oestrous cycle followed by timed inseminations at 72 and 96 h of injection. Group V animals were artificially inseminated without any treatment, which formed the control group. The over all incidence of repeat breeding was found to be 19.01 per cent, out of which 46.36 per cent showed sub clinical endometritis. The characteristics of oestrual cervical mucus and physical changes in the genital tract were examined in detail and found that almost all treatment groups followed similar pattern irrespective of induced and natural oestrum. The intensity of oestrum after induction using prostaglandin analogue was found to be high in most of the repeat breeders with sub clinical endometritis. Time taken for induction of oestrus in animals belonging to group III and IV were 59.38 +2.81 h and 58.88 + 2.75 h respectively. The mean duration of oestrum after induction using PGF2 alpha analogue in group III and IV were 37.5 + 3.70 h and 38.63 + 3.65 h respectively. The conception rates of animals in different experimental groups were 40, 50, 50, 40 and 20 per cent in groups I, II, III, IV and V respectively. The conception rate was highest, 50 per cent in groups II and III, in which animals were subjected to post AI lugol’s iodine and single regime prostaglandin therapy respectively. However, better conception rates could be obtained in all treatment groups when compared to control group in which the success rate was only 20 per cent. Hence it could be inferred that both lugol’s iodine and prostaglandin can be used effectively in the treatment of sub clinical endometritis in repeat breeders. However, treatment with lugol’s iodine is comparatively less expensive and it is easily available also, so can be recommended as the drug of choice for tackling cases of repeat breeding with sub clinical endometritis.Item Fertility of oestrus synchronised crossbred Malabari does inseminated with boer buck semen(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Afsal, K; Balakrishnan, P PWith the objective of studying the fertility of frozen Boer buck semen, six Boer bucks maintained at Goat Breeding Station, Dhoni farm, Kerala Livestock Development Board and 150 Malabari crossbred does maintained at Sheep and Goat farm, Mannuthy were selected. Semen collection was carried out at weekly intervals from the bucks and preserved under freezing. Average volume of buck semen was 1.27 ± 0.06 rnl. Colour of the semen was creamy, density DDDD and mass activity + + + +. Average sperm concentration of the semen samples was 2956.67 ± 81.74 millions per ml and mean live sperm percentage was 88.16 ± 0.50. Average semen pH was 6.98 ± 0.03. No significant difference was found in these semen characters between bucks (P>0.05). Average percentage of abnormal spermatozoa in the fresh semen was 3.20 ± 0.27. Mean percentage of sperms with abnormal acrosome was 1.00 ± 0.13. The does selected were administered 0.147 mg Tiaprost Trometamol, a prostaglandin analogue (0.75 ml Iliren) intramuscularly at 11 days interval for oestrus synchronisation. The does were divided into two groups, Group I with 100 does and Group II with 50 does. Ninety six does in Group I and 47 does in group 11 responded to the treatment. Incidence of oestr~s in the does was 95.33 per cent. Average time taken for the does to come to oestrus was 51.02 ± 0.99 hours. Mean duration of oestrus in the does was 35.81 ± 0.86 hours. Average oestrus intensity score in the does was 5.97 ± 0.41. Wagging of tail (65.33 per cent), frequent bleating (56.67 per cent), vulal oedema (43.33 per cent) and standing to be mounted (34 per cent) were the prominent signs of oestrus exhibited by the does. Six semen samples from each buck were frozen in Tris and Biociphos extenders separately. Progressive motility of semen samples after washing twice in Tris buffer and after thawing was 67.00 ± 1.47 and 43.91 ± 1.86 per cent. Average percentage of live sperms in the fresh semen and after thawing was 87.83 ± 0.75 and 52.61 ± 1.56. Mean percentage of sperm motility after initial dilution and freezing and thawing in Biociphos extender was 80.56 ± 1.11 and 40.19 ± 1.87. Percentage of live spermatozoa in fresh semen and thawed semen was 87.64 ± 0.76 and 43.64 ± 1.49. Though no significant difference was noticed in post thaw motility of spermatozoa, highly significant variation was observed in the percentage of live spermatozoa between the semen frozen in Tris and Biociphos extenders (P>0.05). Artificial insemination was carried out in all the oestrus does by speculum method. Group I does were inseminated with semen extended in Tris and Group JJ does with semen extended in Biociphos. Pregnancy diagnosis was done at three months of gestation by abdominal palpation and the accuracy of the method was found to be 93.55 per cent. Conception percentage in Group I and Group n was 22.92 and 19.15. There was no significant difference in the conception rate between the two groups. Mean gestation length was 147.23 ± 0.76 days. Number of kids per kidding averaged 1.77. Percentage of male and female kids was 50.91 and 49.09. Average birth weight of kids was 2.38 ± 0.08 kg.Item Effect of norgestamet and prostaglandinfalpha in crossbred heifers for augmenting fertility(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2001) Gopikrishnan, P; Vahida, A MWith the objective of studying the effect of norgestamet-oestradiol and PGF2a treatment on oestrus synchronisation and to enhance the fertility rate in crossbred heifers at fixed time double insemination, forty-five cycling heifers, selected from Kerala Agricultural University Livestock Farms, were randomly allotted to three treatment groups, Group I, Il and Ill. Fifteen heifers of Group I were given 3 mg norgestamet implant kept in situ for nine days and an injection containing a combination of 3 mg norgestamet and 5 mg oestradiol valerate on the day of insertion of implant. While the fifteen heifers of Group Il were given double dose regimen of 15 mg PGF2a (luprostiol) at 11 days apart. Group III consisted of fifteen heifers that were kept as control. In both Groups I and Il, 14 heifers (93.33 per cent) each responded to the treatments. The time taken for the induction of oestrus in the Group I was 50.1 ± 4.58 hours as against 69.50 ± 1.34 hours in the Group 11. There was significant difference on the time of induction of oestrus between Group I and Group n. The duration of oestrus in the Group I was 27.8 ± l.09 hours, as against 28 ± 1.07 and 19 ± 0.33 hours respectively in Group II and Group III. Though analysis of variance showed no significant difference between Group I and Group Il, pairwise comparison showed no significant difference between Group I and Group Il. A higher percentage of heifers in Group I and II showed medium to high intensity of oestrus than Group Ill. The cervicovaginal mucus examination revealed an increase in typical fern pattern in Group I and II than Group Ill. The first, second and third service pregnancy rate in Group I were 21.42, 28.57 and 14.28 per cent respectively at fixed time artificial insemination, 48 and 72 hours after the removal of the implant, as against 42.86, 21.43 and 14.28 per cent at fixed time artificial insemination, 72 and 96 hour after the second injection of PGF2a in Group II. In Group III heifers 20 per cent each required one and three inseminations and 13.44 per cent required two inseminations to effect pregnancy. The overall pregnancy rate obtained for Group I, II and III were 64.27, 78.57 and 53.33 per cent respectively. The AI indices for Group I and II were 1.72 and 1.63 as against 2.13 of Group Ill. The present study reveals that though norgestamet- oestradiol and PGF2a could be effectively used for synchronisation of oestrus, use of PGF 2a is the better alternative for augmenting fertility in crossbred heifers.Item Vaginal cytology and progesterone profile in bitches during induced oestrous cycle(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2000) Bibin Becha, B; Aravinda Ghosh, K NThe detailed vaginal cytology and serum progesterone levels were studied in bitches during normal and induced oestrous cycles. Twelve anoestrus bitches aged 2 to 5 years were randomly allotted to two equal groups (Group A and Group B). Animals in Group A were initially treated with a sustained release preparation of leuprolide acetate at a dose rate of 100 ug/kg body weight followed by gonadorelin (synthetic GnRH analogue) at a dose rate of 3 ug/kg body weight on the first day of induced oestrus. The Group B animals were administered with diethylstilbestrol at a dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg body weight orally for nine consecutive days. Six bitches in natural proestrus acted as controls (Group C). All animals in Group A, 66.7 per cent animals in Group B exhibited oestrus at a mean of 12.67 and 15.25 days respectively from the first day of treatment. There was significant difference in time taken for onset of oestrus between treatment groups. The duration of proestral bleeding was 6.67, 8.50 and 8.67 days and duration of oestrus was 8.0, 7.75 and 8.0 days in Group A, Group B and Group C respecti vel y. A conception rate of 83.3, 50 and 83.3 per cent with a mean litter size of 5.6, 6.0 and 5.6 was obtained in Group A, Group B and Group C respectively. There was significant difference in conception rate between treatment groups, however, no significant difference in litter size was observed. The detailed vaginal cytology during normal and induced oestrous cycle was studied usmg Wright's, Wright-Giemsa's, modified Shorrs and Papanicolaou's staining and cellular indices like Superficial cell index (SCl), Eosinophilic index (El) and Kariopyknotic index (KPl) were derived. The SCl and El values were found to vary between pregnant and non-pregnant animals in ) all the groups, but no significant variation was observed in KPl values. Serum progesterone level was estimated during different stages of normal and induced oestrous cycles. Significantly higher progesterone levels were observed on the day of second mating in treatment groups (12.63 ng/ml in Group A and 12.25 ng/ml in Group B) as compared to control group (6.87 ng/ml). Serum progesterone levels were lower during oestrus and on the tenth day of second mating in all the non-pregnant animals as compared to pregnant animals. It is concluded that bitches in anoestrus could be induced to fertile oestrus using sustained release preparation of leuprolide acetate followed by gonadorelin with a higher induction and conception rate with normal litter size. Oral treatment with diethylstilbestrol is less effective for inducing oestrus.Item Effect of different freezing rates on canine spermatozoa(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2000) Geetha, R; Sreekumaran, TThe objective of the study was to find out the effect of different freezing rates on post thaw motility, livability and acrosomal damage of dog spermatozoa. A total of 36 ejaculates of good quality collected from SIX Dachshund dogs by digital manipulation were processed for freezing in Tris citric acid fructose egg yolk diluent containing four per cent glycerol. The processed semen samples were subjected to three different freezing protocols such as 4cm height above the liquid nitrogen level for 10 minutes (Fast freezing), Scm for 15 minutes (Moderate freezing) and 12cm for 20 minutes (Slow freezing). The mean volume of sperm rich fractions was 0.6S±0.03ml. The colour and consistency of sperm rich fractions were thin milky. The mean density of sperm rich fraction was DD(D) and mean pH was 6.63±O.02. The mean concentration of sperm rich fraction was 221±7.36 millions per ml and the average initial motility was found to be 75±O.93 per cent. The mean percentage of live sperm count, sperm abnormalities and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa was Sl.17±O.73, 5.23±O.29 and 2.32±O.25 respectively. Significant (Pabnormalities and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa was found between dogs. The average percentage of motility, live sperm count, sperm abnormalities and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa was 70.41± 1.22, 75.63±O.65, 7.28±0.43 and 5.34±O.31 after dilution, 58.75±1.34, 63.60±O.89, 10.04±O.32 and 10.13±0.41 after chilling and 47.78±1.59, 50.65±1.31, 11.79±O.36 and 16.20±O.57 after equilibration period respectively. There was significant (Preduction in sperm motility and livability and increase in sperm abnormalities and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa after dilution, chilling and equilibration period. Significant (Pwas found between dogs for the above parameters. The percentage of post thaw motility of spermatozoa was significantly (Pwhen compared to moderate (25.83±1.66) and slow (24.44±1.27) freezing rates. There was significantly (Pof live sperms and lower percentage of sperm abnormalities in fast freezing rate than in moderate and slow freezing rates. Eventhough the percentage of acrosomal damage was not statistically ( significant among fast, moderate and slow freezing rates, lower percentage of acrosomal damage was recorded in fast freezing rate. From this study it could be inferred that fast freezing in which the straws were frozen at to 4cm height above the liquid nitrogen level for 10 minutes was superior to moderate (8cm for 15 minutes) and slow (12 cm for 20 minutes) freezing rates.