1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Characterization of off-season bearing jackfruit(Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)(Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2023-01-22) Arathi Balan.; Bindu, BThe study entitled ‘Characterization of off-season bearing jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)’ was undertaken at the Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period September 2022 to July 2023. The primary objective of the current study was to identify the superior types of off-season bearing jackfruit and to evaluate the variations in their quantitative and qualitative characters. The research approach centered around locating, conducting surveys, morphological characterizations, recording the incidences of pest, disease and physiological disorders, biochemical analysis and organoleptic evaluation of the flakes, to gain insights into the diverse characteristics of the off- season-bearing jackfruit accessions. A preliminary survey was conducted across different locations in Kasaragod, Kannur, Kozhikode, Malappuram and Thrissur districts to identify off- season bearing jackfruit accessions. Forty-four elite performing accessions were located and their fruits were collected for biochemical analysis. The distributions of these selected accessions were as follows: 18 accessions from Kozhikode, 14 from Malappuram, 7 from Kannur, 3 from Thrissur and 2 from Kasaragod. Observations were documented through the examination of the agro-morphological characters of the tree, leaf, inflorescence, fruit, seed and other yield contributing factors based on the IPGRI descriptor for jackfruit (2000) and geo-tagging was also done. An agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis was carried out using fifteen key quantitative characters contributing to the yield. The results of the analysis categorized the accessions into eight clusters based on the similarity of these quantitative characters. Clustering of the accessions revealed that the elite ones with desirable characters are present in cluster IV and cluster V. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed using ten quantitative characters influencing yield: fruit length (FRL), fruit diameter (FRD), fruit weight (FRW), flake length (FLL), flake width (FLW), weight of flakes per kg of fruit (WFPKF), weight of fresh flake without seed (WFFWS), flake to fruit ratio (FFR), flake to seed ratio (FSR) and yield per tree (YPT). The ordination biplot results identified YPT, FRL, FRW, FRD, WFPKF, FLL, FSR and FFR as the primary variables contributing positively to PC1. In contrast, FLW and WFFWS were the variables contributing negatively to PC1. Similarly, for PC2, the variables contributing positively were FRL, FRD, FRW, YPT, WFFWS and FLW. While FSR, FFR, WFPKF and FLL contributed negatively to PC2. MPM9 had the longest fruit (64cm), KZK16 had the largest fruit diameter (28.648cm) and MPM1 had the heaviest fruit (16.1kg). KZK11 had the highest flake-to-seed ratio (1.909), while KZK5 and KZK7 had the highest flake-to-fruit ratio (0.723). KZK5 and KZK7 also had the greatest weight of flakes per kg of fruit (723g), and KNR3 had the highest weight of fresh flakes without seed (36g). Accession KZK18 had the longest flake (7.9cm) and widest flake (5.8cm). The highest yield was recorded in MPM9 (880 kg tree year-1). PCA of biochemical parameters was carried out based on Total Soluble Sugars (TSS), acidity (AY), TSS-acidity ratio (TAR), ascorbic acid (AA), reducing sugars (RS), non-reducing sugars (NRS), total sugars (TS) and total carotenoids (TC). NRS, TS, TSS, RS, TC, TAR and AA are identified as the most important variables positively contributing to PC1. Whereas AY negatively contributed to PC1. Similarly, for PC2, AY, NRS, TS, TSS and RS contributed positively, while TC, TAR and AA contributed negatively. TSS (32°B) peaked in KSD2 and KZK9. Maximum acidity was found in KNR5 and KNR7, while KZK9 exhibited the least acidity. KZK9 had the highest TSSAcidity ratio (264.463), followed by KZK18 (171.764). Ascorbic acid was most abundant in KNR2 (22.430 mg/100g). KZK9 had the highest percentage of reducing sugar (12.315%), and KNR6 had the highest percentage of non-reducing sugar (13.939%). KSD2 ranked highest for total sugars (19.531%) and KSD1 had the highest total carotenoid content (1276.667 μg/100g). The organoleptic assessment of the flake was done using a hedonic scale rating and statistical analysis was carried out using Kendall's and Kruskal-Wallis tests. KZK15 had the highest rank for appearance (8.6), MPM9 scored the highest for color (8.6) and KZK1 had the highest score for flavor (8.6). Texture scores were highest for MPM13 (8.2). Accessions KZK5, KZK8, KZK9 and MPM7 scored 8.2 for taste. Overall acceptability scores were highest for KZK5, KZK8 and KZK15 (8.2). In this study, various jackfruit accessions were evaluated for their utility. Accessions, such as KNR1, KNR3, KNR5, KNR6, and KSD1, were found to be suitable for both table purposes and chips making. Other accessions like KNR2, KNR4, KNR7, KZK1, KZK3, KZK5, and KZK11 were primarily identified for culinary use. Accessions including KSD2, KZK2, KZK4, KZK6, KZK9, KZK10, KZK13, MPM3, MPM4, MPM5, MPM8, MPM9, MPM11, MPM12, and TSR2 demonstrated dual utility, serving both table purposes and culinary use. Additionally, specific accessions like KZK7, KZK12, KZK15, MPM6, MPM7, MPM10, MPM13, and TSR1 were specifically noted for their suitability in chips making. The findings of this research highlight wide range of variations in both quantitative and qualitative characters, as well as in biochemical and organoleptic parameters among off-season bearing jackfruit accessions. This variability underscores the potential for diverse applications and preferences in terms of fruit quality and composition. Understanding these variations are crucial for further exploration and utilization of off-season jackfruit germplasm, offering valuable insights for agricultural practices, breeding programs, and meeting market demands during the lean season. Further research and development in this area could contribute significantly for enhancing the cultivation and commercial availability of off-season jackfruit varieties. Hence, all the accessions found promising in this study need closer observation and evaluation in subsequent years for future breeding purposes and crop improvement programmeItem Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) as a potential source of bioactive compounds(Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2022) Viresh; Mini, CAn investigation on “Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) as a potential source of bioactive compounds” was carried out at Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani from 2017-2020 with the objectives to standardize the extraction procedure for maximizing the antioxidant, anti-cancerous and anti-hyperglycemic properties of fruit wastes from varikka and koozha jackfruit types, phytochemical profiling, encapsulation and commercial exploitation of encapsulated extracts for fortification of fruit juice beverages. Experiments were carried out in four parts. Standardization of extraction procedure was carried out in the first part by evaluating the extracts for antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-cancerous properties. Both varikka and koozha types were harvested at optimum maturity and were utilized at ripe stage independently. Except bulb, seed and peel without horny portion, all other parts were dried in cabinet (D1) and freeze (D2) driers, pulverized to fine powders and extracts were prepared using solvents viz., methanol at 90 (S1), 80 (S2), 50% (S3) and ethanol at 60 (S4), 80 % (S5) with solid to solvent ratios of 1:30 (R1), 1:40 (R2) and 1:50 (R3). Extract of freeze dried varikka samples using 60 per cent ethanol at 1:50 solid to solvent ratio (D2S4R3) had highest Total flavonoid content (TFC) (15.66 mg QE 100g-1 ), Total phenolic content (TPC) (156.10 mg GAE 100g), DPPH scavenging activity (69.29 per cent inhibition) and α-glucosidase inhibition activity (90.24 per cent). The same extract, D2S4R3 from koozha also exhibited highest TFC (15.88 mg QE 100 g -1 ), TPC (164.63 mg GAE 100g), DPPH scavenging activity (68.64 per cent inhibition) and α-glucosidase inhibition activity (92.28 per cent). Freeze dried varikka samples extracted using 90 per cent methanol at 1:50 solid solvent ratio (D2S1R3) recorded the highest (45.88 mg 100g-1 ) ascorbic acid content and freeze dried koozha samples extracted using 90% methanol at 1:40 solid solvent ratio (D2S1R2) had the highest ascorbic acid content of 47.37 mg 100g-1 . 310 Based on the efficiency and economics, extraction of freeze dried samples using 60% ethanol at 1:40 solid to solvent ratio (D2S4R2), similar samples using 60% ethanol at 1:50 solid to solvent ratio (D2S4R3 ) and cabinet dried samples with 60% ethanol at 1:50 solid to solvent ratio (D1S4R3) were selected as three superior extraction methods . The MTT system which is a simple, reproducible and accurate means of measuring the activity of living cells via mitochondrial dehydrogenases was utilized to assess the anti-cancerous properties of the selected three extracts viz., D2S4R2, D2S4R3 and D1S4R3 on HeLa cell lines with doxorubicin as control. Freeze dried varikka and koozha samples extracted in 60 percent ethanol at 1:50 solid to solvent ratio (D2S4R3) had the lowest IC50 value of 129.30 and 157.60 µg mL-1 respectively whereas the IC50 value for doxorubicin (positive control) was18.85 µg mL-1 . When the three superior extracts were subjected to phytochemical profiling in the second part of the experiment using LCMS/MS (Waters UPLC H class system fitted with TQD MS/MS system) for sugars, organic acids, phenolic acids and flavonoids, they were significantly influenced by extraction methods and jack fruit types. Fifteen sugars, ten organic acids, eighteen phenolic acids and fifteen flavonoids were fractionated and identified from the extracts. Extract of freeze dried sample using 60% ethanol in 1:50 solid to solvent ratio (D2S4R3) had highest sugars, organic acids, phenolic acids and flavonoid content. The major sugars identified were fructose, glucose, mannose, sucrose and sorbitol and; organic acids were citric acid, malic acid, shikimic acid, succinic and hydroxycitric acid; phenolic acids were ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, benzoic acid, o - coumaric acid; myricetin, catechin, naringenin, quercetin and epicatechin were the major flavonoids. The three superior extracts selected were encapsulated independently by spray and freeze drying in the third part of the study. Two maltodextrin (MD) levels (10 and 20 dextrose equivalence, DE), three carrier to extract ratio (1:10, 1:15 and 1:20), two inlet- outlet temperature of spray drier (180 - 80º C inlet - 311 outlet and 190 - 90º C inlet - outlet) were the process variables for spray encapsulation, whereas for freeze encapsulation, maltodextrin (MD) levels and carrier ratio were selected as process variables. The extract D2S4R3 from varikka and koozha, spray encapsulated using MD 20 DE at 1:20 carrier to extract ratio (Cr3) at inlet and outlet temperature of 180 and 80º C (T1) recorded highest TPC of 115.47 and 117.92 mg GAE 100 g-1 respectively. Varikka and koozha extracts spray encapsulated using MD 20 DE at 1:10 carrier to extract ratio at 190 - 90ºC inlet - outlet temperature (C2Cr1T2) produced encapsulate with highest per cent recovery (83.77 and 82.09 % respectively). Lowest moisture content of 2.46 and 2.55 per cent were recorded by the extracts spray encapsulated using 10 DE MD at 1:20 carrier to extract ratio at inlet - outlet temperature of 190 - 90º C (C1Cr3T2) from varikka and koozha respectively. Based on the superior physico-chemical properties, spray encapsulate of freeze dried varikka and koozha extracts prepared using 60 per cent ethanol at 1:50 solid to solvent ratio (D2S4R3), using 20 DE maltodextrin at 1:20 carrier to extract ratio with 180 - 80°C inlet - outlet temperature (C2T1Cr3), was selected for Part 4 of the experiment. D2S4R3 extract from varikka and koozha, when freeze encapsulated with MD 20 DE at 1:20 carrier to extract ratio had highest TFC of 11.62 and 11.75 mg QE 100 g-1 respectively. Koozha extract, freeze encapsulated with MD 20 DE at 1:20 carrier to extract ratio had highest TPC of 134.38 mg GAE 100 g-1 DPPH scavenging activity of varikka and koozha extracts were highest when freeze encapsulated with MD 20 DE at 1:20 carrier to extract ratio (per cent inhibition of 71.66 and 77.48 respectively). Ascorbic acid content and per cent recovery of encapsulates were not influenced by levels of MD or carrier to extract ratio. The extracts freeze encapsulated with MD 10 DE at 1:10 carrier to extract ratio had lowest moisture content of 2.22 and 2.51% respectively. Based on the superior physico-chemical properties, freeze encapsulate of the freeze dried varikka and koozha extract prepared with 60 per cent ethanol at 1:50 solid to solvent ratio (D2S4R3), using 20 DE maltodextrin at 1:20 carrier to extract ratio, was selected for part 4 of the experiment. 312 The encapsulated extracts were utilized @ 0.01 to 0.1 per cent for development of fortified mango RTS beverages as per FSSAI standards and compared with commercial fortified beverage in the fourth part of study. Mango RTS beverage enriched with the freeze encapsulate of the extracts @ 0.05 per cent was found to be superior with respect to Total Soluble Solids, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and total sugar content and these were on par with the beverage enriched with spray encapsulates @ 0.05 per cent and commercial fortified beverages. The highest TPC of 41.05 and 41.12 mg GAE 100 ml-1 were recorded in mango RTS beverage enriched with 0.05 per cent freeze encapsulate of varikka and koozha respectively which were found to be on par with the mango RTS beverage enriched with 0.05 per cent spray encapsulate. The highest scavenging activity (76.29 per cent inhibition) was noticed in RTS beverage enriched with 0.05 per cent freeze encapsulate, followed by the beverage mixed with 0.05 per cent spray encapsulate (73.21%). The lowest scavenging activity (55.19 per cent inhibition) was observed in control sample. From the study, it was proved that the extracts prepared from combined inedible parts of both varikka and koozha jackfruit types are potential source for bioactive compounds. Extraction of freeze dried varikka and koozha types using 60 per cent ethanol at 1:50 solid to solvent ratio was standardized as the best extraction method for retention of phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, antihyperglycemic and anti-cancerous properties. Phytochemical profiling of the superior extracts revealed the presence of 15 sugars, 10 organic acids, 18 phenolic acids and 15 flavonoids. Extracts from varikka and koozha spray encapsulated using 20 DE maltodextrin at 1:20 carrier to extract ratio with 180 - 80°C inlet - outlet temperature and freeze encapsulated by using 20 DE maltodextrin at 1:20 carrier to extract ratio retained maximum phytochemicals and antioxidant properties. These spray and freeze encapsulates could be utilized for fortifying mango RTS beverage @ 50 mg 100 ml-1 without affecting the sensory parameters with an enhanced antioxidant activity of 13-16% compared to commercial fortified mango RTS beverage.