1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Evaluation of selected cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) hybrids bred for quality(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices,College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2016) Ajmal, P M; Suma, BCocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important beverage crop belonging to the family Malvaceae. The most important economic part of cocoa is the optimally fermented and dried beans, which is the only source of chocolate flavour. Consumers have shown an increased interest for high quality dark chocolate containing a higher percentage of cocoa. Therefore, the quality of cocoa beans has a great importance while considering the market value. The genetic makeup of an individual cocoa genotype influences flavour, quality and intensity of chocolate.Cocoa is mainly classified into three types, namely Criollo, Forastero and Trinitario. The Criollo types provide fine flavour chocolate.Item Characterization of betel vine (piper betle L) types of Malappuram district(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2012) Preethy, T T; Elsy, C RThe present investigation on “Characterization of betel vine (Piper betle L.) types of Malappuram district” was carried out at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, KAU, Vellanikkara and farmer’s field in Malappuram district during 2013 – 2014 aiming to study the diversity of betel vine types in Tirur and nearby areas of Malappuram district and to characterize the types based on morphological and biochemical features. Puthukodi, Chelan, Karinadan and Nadan were the betel vine cultivars recorded from Malappuram District. Puthukodi and Nadan were the most common cultivars whereas Chelan and Karinadan were the cultivars conserved by few farmers. Morphological characterization revealed distinctness of Karinadan and Chelan from other cultivars. Karinadan had dark green leaves with even leaf margin, short petiole, mostly ovate lanceolate leaf lamina, high brittleness and medium pungency. Leaf characters including leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and leaf weight per unit area were comparatively high in this cultivar. Orthotropic shoots of this cultivar showed uniform purple – green color. It produced hanging lateral branches. The plant growth parameters like plant height, total number of leaves, number of lateral branches and number of leaves per lateral branch were significantly low in this cultivar. On the other hand, Chelan had light green leaves with wavy leaf margin, long petiole, ovate leaf lamina and round leaf base. Leaf characters including leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and leaf weight per unit area and brittleness were significantly low in this cultivar leading to low market preference. In this cultivar, internodes of orthotropic shoots showed light green colour with purple tinge. Lateral branches of Chelan were semierect in nature. The plant growth parameters like plant height, total number of leaves, number of lateral branches and number of leaves per lateral branch were significantly high in this cultivar, resulting in higher number of leaves per plant. Nadan, Puthukodi and Muvattupuzha Local cultivars had green leaves with even margin and medium brittleness. Puthukodi recorded maximum leaf weight per unit area and optimum leaf parameters, making it as the most preferred cultivar in Malappuram district. Profuse flowering was observed in all cultivars during the study period. Chelan was identified as male cultivar and all others were female cultivars. Spikes produced on Chelan were long, slender with short peduncle. Female cultivars produced medium lengthy spikes having medium diameter. Spikes were axillary and opposite to leaf. Sessile naked florets were compactly arranged on the inflorescence axis. A bract subtended each floret, both in male and female spikes. Female spike was very distinguishable with the presence of 6 - 9 white coloured sessile stigmatic lobes on each floret. Male spikes were yellow in color and at the stage of anthesis, two black stamens protruded from each floret protruded. Essential oil content was maximum in Muvattupuha Local, a cultivar with high pungency and it was low in Chelan. GC studies revealed that, eugenol was the major component of essential oil in all cultivars with high content (20.80 per cent) in Chelan. Possible compounds identified from the chromatograms of oil from different cultivars were hydroxychavicol, β caryophyllene and 5-(2-propenyl)-1, 3- benzodioxole. Karinadan was rich in biochemical constituents whereas Chelan was significantly low in biochemical constituents. Puthukodi with optimum leaf characters recorded medium pungency. Studies on genetic parameters revealed that most of the characters were less affected by environmental factors. Many of the characters under study showed high heritability with high genetic gain, indicating additive gene effects and selection must be effective. Correlation studies showed that the highest significant positive genotypic correlation of total number of leaves was with number of leaves per lateral branch followed by plant height and number of lateral branches. Number of leaves per lateral branch showed highest positive direct effect and all other characters showed negative direct effect on total number of leaves.Item Improvement of propogation efficiency of anthurium species in Vitro(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1992) Sreelatha, U; Ramachandran Nair, SAttempts were made, to improve the propagation efficiency of Anthurium species through enhanced release of axillary buds and callus-mediated somatic organogenesis/embryogenesis, in the plant tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 1990-92. Four species of Anthurium namely, A. andreanum, A. crystallinum, A. veitchii and A. grande were selected for the study. Shoot tips from in vitro grown seedling were used as explants for the enhanced release of axillary buds. Cent percent survival was observed in all the cytokinin treatments. The maximum number of shoots (4.50) was observed with kinetin 2.0 mg/1 as well as BA 1.0 mg/1. Treatments with kinetin was free of callus growth. In treatments with BA and 2ip, callus growth was observed at the base of the explant. Treatments with Ms inorganic salts as well as sucrose did not influence multiple shoot formation. One fourth strength of MS major rutrients with full strength of micro nutrients was ideal for multiple shoot induction. Glucose produced less number of shoots than sucrose. One percent sucrose did not influence multiple shoot induction. The longest shoot (0.95cm) was observed at 0.4 percent agar. Light was necessary for the enhancement of axillary buds. In darkness, callus growth was observed, from which many adventitious shoots were produced. Segments of leaf, petiole, spathe, spike and inflorescence stalk were used a explants for callus initiation. Combinations of 2, 4-D and BA were efficient in initiating callus. In A.andreanum, 2, 4-D 0.08 mg/1 and BA 1.0 mg/1 was ideal for callus initiation. Combination of 2, 4-D, 0.2 mg/1 and BA 1.0 mg/1 was the best for callus initiation in A. veitchii. In A. grande, the best callus initiation was observed with 2, 4-D 0.5 mg/1 and BA 1.0 mg/1. Modified MS medium with reduced salt concentrations was ideal for callus initiation in all the species. Inositol when reduced to half concentration (of the normal) influenced callus initiation. The leaf explant (with the smallest vascular bundles) among the other explants, had the highest number of cultures free of microbial contamination. Basal portions of leaf responded, better than the apical portions, to in vitro culture. Continuous darkness was necessary for callus initiation and growth. MS medium with ¼ strength major nutrients was ideal for callus multiplication. Attempts,made on callus-mediated somatic embryogenesis, were not successful. Shoot regeneration and growth of the shoots were the best in MS medium with BA 0.5 mg/1 and IAA 2.0 mg/1. No rooting treatments were required as the shoots rooted spontaneously. Plantlets survived, better than micro shoots, exvitro. The plantlets required less hardening treatments. Sand was the best potting medium for planting out. Nutrient solutions when used for the irrigation the plantlets, had a negative influence on the survival of plantlets. Treatments with VAM (Glomus constrictum and G. etunicatum) was beneficial for the survival as well as growth of the plantlets. Cytological examinations of the root tip squashes made on random number of plantlets, at planting out, showed a normal diploid chromosome count. Attempts, to correlate the biochemical properties with in vitro response, of different explants as well as species, were not successful. Based on the existing facilities of the plant tissue culture laboratory of the department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, the cost of single anthurium plantlet was worked out to be Rs.3.00/=.