1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Standardisation of processing methods for production of jackfruit seed flour with functional properties(Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2024-05-03) Sreelekshmi S Kumar.; Geetha Lekshmi, P RHuman-wildlife conflict is a significant and intricate challenge within India, emerging from the overlapping interests and interactions between human communities and diverse wildlife species inhabiting the country. The increasing competition for space, resources, and habitat between human populations and wildlife is a primary driver of these conflicts. Urbanization on the rise and the encroachment of human activities into wildlife habitats contribute to heightened conflicts between humans and wildlife., the expansion of agricultural activities is identified as a major catalyst for alterations in land use and the destruction of habitats (Vijayan et al., 2020). Human wildlife conflict seriously affects Kerala's protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, witnessing challenges such as crop damage and livestock predation. In Kerala wildlife species involved in crop foraging causes serious economic loss to farmers actively engaged in agriculture (Govind and Jayson,2021) This study investigated the impact of land use and land cover changes on human and wildlife conflict in Wayanad district, Kerala, India, by exploring the relationship between land use patterns and wildlife distribution and the incidence of conflicts. The effects of changes in land use pattern on interactions between people and animals in the district was also studied. The results of this study offer insightful information to conservationists, decision-makers, and local people, assisting in the creation of strategies for sustainable land management, programs for the conservation of animals, and efficient ways for conflict reduction. The analysis of the spatiotemporal data on the incidences of human-wildlife conflict in the selected forest divisions of the Wayanad district from 2014 to 2018 was undertaken. A total of 9163 applications were received in the North and South forest divisions During the study period, a total of 9,030 conflicts were documented, involving various wildlife species such as Asian Elephants, Bonnet macaques, Wild boar, Deer, Gaur, Tiger, Leopard, and others. Asian Elephants accounted for nearly half of the total conflict incidents during the period from 2014-15 to 2018-19, registering the highest number of occurrences. Within both the North Division and South Divisions, the Bonnet Macaque was identified as the second-most problematic species among the five causing the most issues, with recorded conflicts amounting to 1399 in the north and 1437 in the south Division. Among the ten villages with the highest conflict levels, the top three were Thirunelli, Thavinjal, and Irulam. Thirunelli recorded 1,670 incidents, Thavinjal had 1,081 incidents, and Irulam recorded 892 incidents. The detection of changes in land use and land cover indicated that there was an expansion of agricultural activities, leading to a decrease in evergreen forest cover by more than 61 hectares. Additionally, a decline in the area covered by deciduous forests was also observed. So efforts should be made to protect the evergreen and deciduous forest area and for balancing the agricultural practices in the study area.Item Standardisation of processing methods for production of jackfruit seed flour with functional properties(Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2022) Sreelekshmi S Kumar; Geetha Lekshmi, P RThe present study entitled “Standardisation of processing methods for production of jackfruit seed flour with functional properties” was carried out at Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2019-2021 with the objective of quality evaluation of jackfruit seeds of varikka and koozha types, standardisation of processing methods for jackfruit seed flour with functional properties and assessment of storage stability. Jackfruit seeds of varikka and koozha types were subjected to different processing methods viz., Pan roasting, Pressure cooking, Lye peeling and Oven drying for the development of jackfruit seed flour. The jackfruit seed flour obtained through different processing methods were subjected to analyses for biochemical, functional and physical qualities. The processing methods for jackfruit seed flour influenced the biochemical, physical and functional qualities of the seed flour. The moisture content of jackfruit seed flour ranged from 6.15% to 10.59% and the highest moisture content of 10.59% was observed for jackfruit seed flour processed by the methods of pressure cooking, pressure cooking+ lye peeling of varikka and koozha seeds. The lowest moisture content of 6.15% was recorded for the treatment Pan roasting + Manual removal of spermoderm of koozha seeds. The highest protein content of 21.13% was observed for Pan roasted koozha as well as varikka seed flour. The highest fat content of 0.76% was reported for Lye peeled varikka and koozha seed flour and fibre content was the highest (3.93%) for Pressure cooking and Pressure cooking + Manual removal of spermoderm of varikka and koozha types. The highest ash content of 3.45% was observed for varikka and koozha seed flour obtained through Pan roasting+ Manual removal of spermoderm. Vitamin C content of jackfruit seed flour ranged from 18.32 mg 100g-1 to 22.32 mg 100g-1 and the highest Vitamin C content of 22.32 mg 100g-1 was observed for the treatment oven drying with spermoderm for varikka and koozha seeds. The highest starch content of 69.07% was observed for pressure cooking method of varikka as well as koozha seed flour. The highest TSS content of 3.03ºBrix and carotenoid content of 5.64 µg 100g-1 was observed for the treatment Oven drying with spermoderm for varikka and koozha seed flour and the treatment Pressure cooking+ Manual removal ofspermoderm for koozha seeds recorded the highest acidity of 0.34%. The highest total sugar of 5.59% and reducing sugar of 0.92% was observed for varikka and koozha seed flour obtained through pan roasting. Functional qualities of jackfruit seed flour viz., water absorption capacity was the highest (180 mL 100g-1 ) for pan roasted seeds whereas oven dried seeds recorded the highest oil absorption capacity (96.67 mL 100g-1 ) and swelling power (5.44 g g-1 ). The highest yield of 64.24% was recorded for oven dry method of jackfruit seed flour for both the types (varikka and koozha) and the highest bulk density (0.82 g cm-3 ) and tapped density of 0.98 g cm-3 were recorded for pressure cooked varikka seed flour. Pan roasting method recorded the highest value of Hausner factor and the processing methods did not show any significant difference for carr’s index. Jackfruit seed flour obtained through lye peeling of varikka and koozha seeds recorded more whitish flour with highest mean score and oven dried method with spermoderm recorded the lowest score indicates the brownish colour of the flour. Jackfruit seed flour did not show any quality changes during a storage period of two months. During storage, there was no significant changes in biochemical and functional parameters of jackfruit seed flour except moisture content and reducing sugar which showed a slight increase, whereas titrable acidity and vitamin C slightly decreased with the storage. No microbial load was detected during the storage period and the storage studies revealed good storage stability of jackfruit seed flour. Tags from this library: No tags from this library for this title.Item Intercropping fodder legumes in palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst.ex A.Rich.) stapf.)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Nasreen, V; Sharu, S RThe study entitled ―Intercropping fodder legumes in palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf.)‖ was conducted during June 2017 to March 2018 in the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The objectives were to evaluate the production potential of intercropping fodder legumes in palisade grass in terms of yield and quality and also to assess the biological and economic efficiency of the intercropping system. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of intercropping (I1-no intercropping, I2-intercropping with fodder cowpea and I3 -intercropping with fodder rice bean), three spacing (S1- 60 cm x 30 cm, S2- 60 cm x 40 cm and S3- 60 cm x 60 cm) and two controls (C1- pure crop of fodder cowpea and C2 - pure crop of fodder rice bean). Palisade grass variety Mulato, fodder cowpea variety CO-9 and fodder rice bean variety Bidhan-2 were used for the study. FYM @ 10 t ha-1 was uniformly applied to all the plots at land preparation. In the treatments involving palisade grass + fodder legumes and palisade grass alone, N, P and K @ 300:75:75 kg ha-1 (1/2 N, 1/2 P and 1/2 K as basal dose and 1/2 N, 1/2 P and 1/2 K after the second harvest of palisade grass) was applied. For pure crop of fodder legumes (fodder cowpea and fodder rice bean) N, P and K @ 25: 60:30 kg ha-1 was applied and the entire dose was given as basal. The fodder legumes were sown twice (along with the planting of palisade grass and after the second harvest of palisade grass) in between two rows of palisade grass at a spacing of 30 cm× 15 cm. In the experiment, pure crop of palisade grass (I1) registered significantly higher green fodder yield, dry fodder yield, crude protein yield, uptake of nutrients and B: C ratio. Palisade grass + fodder cowpea (I2) recorded the highest green fodder yield of legume, dry fodder yield of legume, land equivalent ratio, land equivalent coefficient, aggressivity, crop equivalent yield, crude protein content of grass, crude protein yield of grass-legume mixture, available soil nitrogen and net returns. Among the two fodder legumes, fodder cowpea performed better than fodder rice bean with respect to yield, quality and economics. Among the spacing treatments, significantly higher plant height of palisade grass was registered by narrow spacing of 60 cm x 30 cm in first and fourth harvest and it was on par with 60 cm x 40 cm spacing in second and third harvest. The highest numbers of tillers were produced by 60 cm x 60 cm spacing whereas LAI was the highest for 60 cm x 30 cm spacing. The spacing, 60 cm x 30 cm recorded the highest green fodder yield of palisade grass only in the first harvest. The total green fodder yield, total dry fodder yield, crude protein content, crude protein yield and uptake of nutrients of palisade grass were not significantly influenced by spacing treatments. However, net income and B:C ratio were the highest under the widest spacing (60 cm x 60 cm). Based on these results, it can be concluded that intercropping two rows of fodder cowpea in between two rows of palisade grass planted at a spacing of 60 x 60 cm is the best combination in terms of crop equivalent yield, quality and economics.Item Calcium, magnesium and boron nutrition for grow bag cultivation of cabbage (brassica oleracea L. var. capitata)(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Parvathy, P J; Gladis, RItem Evaluation of calcium nutrition in okra(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2019) Giffy Thomas; Vandana VenugopalItem Standardisation and quality evaluation of millet based composite nutrimixes for adolescents(Department of community science, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2017) Reshma, T R; Aneena, E RItem Understorey productivity of selected fodder grasses in mature coconut and rubber plantations(Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Vellanikkara, 2018) Rose Mary Jose; Jamaludheen, V