1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Performance of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by nk levels and fym substitution(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2016) Saravana Kumar, M; Jayakrishnakumar, VItem Differential response of two medium duration rice varities to time of planning and graded doses of nitrogen(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1982) Lathif, P H; Balakrishna Pillai, PAn experiment to study the differential response of two medium duration rice varieties to time of planting and graded doses of nitrogen was conducted during the mundakan season of 1980 – 81, at the Research Station and Instructional Farm Mannuthy. The experiment was laid out in split plot design, with combinations of four time of planting (September 25th, October 10th, October 25th and November 9th) and 2 varieties (Jaya and Sabari) in the main plot and 3 levels of nitrogen (60, 90, 120 kg/ha) in subplots. Observations on the plant growth characters were recorded at 30th day, 60th day after planting and at harvest. Chemical analysis of plants at these stages were also done. Time of planting significantly influenced the growth characters as well as the yield and yield attributes. Plant height, panicle length, number of spikelets, number of filled grains, percentage of filled grains, dry matter production, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, grain straw ratio, total nitrogen uptake at harvest, nitrogen uptake by grain, content of phosphorous in straw and grain and the total uptake of phosphorous at harvest and potassium uptake by grain were significantly higher in the early planted crop, than in later planted crops. However, number of days taken to 50 per cent flowering, and to maturity, production of tillers and productive tillers, phosphorous content of straw and potassium content of grain were positively influenced by delayed planting. Sabari recorded significantly higher number of days to flowering and maturity than Jaya. Higher levels of nitrogen were found to increase the dry matter production and nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of straw.Item Studies on the performance of Co.1 Lab-Lab (Ottu mochai) under graded doses of phosphorus and potash at different spacings(Division of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Vellayani, 1969) Sasidhar, V K; George, C MItem Integrated weed management under system of rice intensification (SRI)(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2011) Musthafa, Kunnathadi; Abraham, C TAn experiment was conducted to assess the performance of system of rice intensification (SRI) vis-à-vis conventional system with special emphasis on weed problems under SRI and to develop an economic weed management strategy. Aiming at reducing drudgery while using manual cono weeder, it was also envisaged to develop the prototype of a self propelled cono weeder. The field studies laid out in randomized block design with 16 treatments in three replications were conducted at RARS, Pattambi in Palakkad district and in farmers’ fields at Alappad Kole in Thrissur district, during the Mundakan seasons of 2007 and 2008. The soil at Pattambi was lateritic sandy clay loam with pH 4.96 and medium fertility, and that at Alappad Kole was clayey in texture with pH 5.0 and of high fertility. At both locations, the density and dry weight of weeds at 45 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) were higher in all the SRI treatments especially when weed control was done through repeated cono weeding. At Pattambi, weed density and weed dry weight were the lowest in conventional system with post emergence herbicides, which recorded lower nutrient removal by the weeds and the lowest weed index and also higher gross return, net return and B:C ratio. The weed density and dry weight in the SRI fields were the lowest with pre emergence herbicide followed by hand weeding at 30 DAT, but the use of post emergence herbicides showed higher B:C ratio. At Alappad Kole, the weed density and dry weight, both at 45 and 60 DAT, were the lowest in conventional system with cono weeding at 10 DAT followed by post emergence herbicides. Cono weeding followed by hand weeding, pre emergence herbicides followed by hand weeding as well as the use of post emergence herbicides were also equally effective in controlling the weeds 233 in the conventional system, and were on par in the B:C ratios. In the SRI plots cono weeding at 10 DAT followed by post emergence herbicides recorded the lowest weed density and dry weight, however, use of post emergence herbicides recorded the highest net return and B:C ratio among the SRI treatments. Thus, considering the acute shortage and high wages for the labourers in Kerala, weed management through post emergence herbicides will be the preferable option for the farmers in both conventional and SRI systems of rice cultivation. Comparison between the two systems of rice cultivation at two different rice growing ecosystems showed that SRI improved the performance of individual hills through higher number of tillers hill-1, root length and root dry weight hill-1. On the other hand, the tiller number, dry matter production, root dry weight and productive tillers per unit area were higher in the conventional treatments. Owing to higher number of productive tillers per unit area the grain yield of conventional treatments was significantly higher than that of the typical SRI. At Pattambi, conventional system with post emergence herbicides recorded higher number of productive tillers m-2, panicle length, number of filled grains panicle-1, 1000 grain weight and grain yield (2877 kg ha-1), which was 33 per cent higher than the grain yield in the typical SRI. This treatment also recorded significantly higher B:C ratio (1.27) compared to that (0.91) of the typical SRI. However, the highest straw yield (2510 kg ha-1) at Pattambi was observed in ‘SRI with cono weeding at 10 DAT followed by post emergence herbicides’, which was on par with the typical SRI treatment. At Alappad Kole, higher number of productive tillers m-2, more filled grain percentage, highest 1000 grain weight, highest grain yield (6073 kg ha-1) and highest straw yield (5109 kg ha-1) were recorded by conventional system with cono weeding followed by hand weeding, which showed an increase of 93 per 234 cent in grain yield, with an additional yield of 2934 kg ha-1, and 109 per cent in straw yield over the typical SRI and recorded the highest gross return, net return and B:C ratio (2.46). Thus, the study showed the superiority of conventional system of rice cultivation at a spacing of 20 cm x 10 cm over the SRI system at a spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm at both the two different rice growing ecosystems studied viz., the sandy loam soils at Pattambi and the clayey soils at Alappad Kole. Prototype of the self propelled cono weeder was developed and field tested. It works satisfactorily in a single forward pass, and covers an area of 0.1 ha h-1. The field study showed that the self propelled cono weeder is effective for inter row weeding in rice, however, further refinement is needed to improve its weeding efficiency.Item Impact of organic farming practices on soil health,yield and quality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2005) Devi Krishna; Usha, P BItem Response of upland rice(Oryza sativa L.) to NK ratios and S under partial shade(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2005) Mini Gopalakrishnan; Jayakrishnakumar, VA field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm of the College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the first crop season of 2004 to study the response of upland rice to NK ratios and S nutrition under partial shade of coconut garden. The treatments included six levels of N and K in 2 : 1 and 2 : 1.5 ratio (T1 – 80 kg N : 40 kg K2O, T2 – 80 kg N : 60 kg K2O,T3 – 100 kg N : 50 kg K2O, T4 – 100 kg N : 75 kg K2O, T5 – 120 kg N : 60 kg K2O, T6 – 120 kg N : 90 kg K2O) and two levels of sulphur (S0 – 0 kg ha-1, S1 – 15 kg ha-1). Farmyard manure @ 5 t ha-1, P @ 30 kg P2O ha-1 were applied uniformly to all the treatments. Experiment was laid out in 6 x 2 randomized block design with three replications. Results of the experiment revealed that NK ratio and S application had significant influence on most of the yield attributing characters and yield of upland rice. Fertilizing the crop with 100 kg N ha-1, 50 kg K2O ha-1 and 15 kg S along with 30 kg P2O5 was found to significantly influence the growth characters, yield attributes and yield of rice. The physiological characters like chlorophyll content and relative leaf water contents were significantly influenced by NK ratio of (100 kg N : 50 kg K2O). Application of S significantly increased the physiological parameters. Application of 15 kg S in combination with 100 kg N and 50 kg K2O ha-1 significantly influenced the physiological parameters over control. Quality attributes like protein content of grain was significantly influenced by the application of 100 kg N and 50 kg K2O in combination with 15 kg S ha-1. The uptake of nutrients was profoundly influenced by the treatments and their interactions. Increased uptake of nutrients was recorded at an NK ratio of 100 kg N : 50 kg K2O. Application of S @ 15 kg ha-1 in combination with 100 kg N and 50 kg K2O ha-1 had a significant influence on uptake of nutrients. Increasing the levels of nitrogen, potassium and sulphur increased the soil available nutrients. Application of N at 120 kg, K at 90 kg K2O ha-1 and S at 15 kg ha-1 significantly improved the available nutrient status of soil. The results of the economic analysis revealed that benefit cost ratio was maximum in plots supplied with 100 kg N, 50 kg K2O and 15 kg S ha-1. Based on this investigation, it can be concluded that application of 100 kg N, 50 kg K2O and 15 kg S ha-1 along with 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 is necessary for obtaining economic yield of upland rice variety Harsha under partial shade.