1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Performance of Red gram [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] +Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) system in southern laterites
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2025-04-23) Rajasree, G
    The study entitled "Performance of red gram [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] + groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) system in Southern Laterites" was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, from 2022 to 2024. The main objectives of the experiment were to evaluate the red gram based intercropping system with groundnut and to study the effect of crop geometry on growth, yield, and biological efficiency, and economics of the intercropping system. The field study comprised 7 treatments, laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were T1- red gram + groundnut in 1:4 ratio, T2- red gram + groundnut in 1:6 ratio, T3- red gram + groundnut in 1:8 ratio, T4- red gram + groundnut in 2:4 ratio, T5- red gram + groundnut in 4:5 ratio, T6- sole crop of red gram, and T7- sole crop of groundnut. The varieties used in the study were APK 1 (red gram) and TCGS 1694 (groundnut). The results indicated that crop geometry of red gram + groundnut intercropping significantly influenced the growth and yield of red gram. Among intercropping treatments, T2 resulted in the highest total leaf area of 2952.33±124 cm2 per plant and 2168.66±101cm2 per plant at 60 DAE (days after emergence) and 90 DAE respectively. The T2 was on par with T6 (sole crop) at 60 DAE and also comparable with T5 and T6 at 90 DAE. Among different crop geometries tried, T2 recorded the highest LAI at 60 DAE (3.24±0.15) and 90 DAE (2.71±0.12). Though the sole crop of red gram (T6) registered higher value of LAI at 60 DAE (3.50±0.17) and at 90 DAE (2.86±0.14), it was comparable with T2 at both these growth stages meanwhile T2 was also comparable with T5 at 90 DAE. Among different intercropping treatments, T5 (red gram + groundnut in 4:5 ratio) recorded significantly higher dry matter yield of red gram at harvest (4868 ±167 kg ha-1); meanwhile the dry matter production under sole cropping (T6) was significantly higher (6057±418 kg ha-1) than that under intercropping. Significantly higher root depth (28.89±1.81cm per plant) and root volume (13.16±0.27 cm3 per plant) of red gram were recorded in T3 which was on par with T2. Among different crop geometries, T5 (red gram + groundnut in 4:5 ratio) recorded significantly the highest red gram seed yield (1113.49±34 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (3722±77kg ha-1) compared to other intercropping treatments. However, the sole crop of red gram (T6) produced significantly higher seed yield (1305.44±84 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (4566±151 kg ha-1) than all other treatments. Higher chlorophyll content in red gram was observed in with T2 (1.42±0.13 mg g-1) which was comparable with T3. The T3 resulted in higher seed crude protein content (24.13±3.27 %) of red gram and was on par with T6. The T5 registered higher N uptake (87.89±3.40 kg ha-1), P uptake (16.31±0.89 kg ha-1) and K uptake (39.42±2.31kg ha-1) among intercropping ratios, whereas, significantly higher N uptake (108.32±6.30 kg ha-1), P uptake (19.53±1 kg ha-1) and K uptake (49.39±3.55 kg ha-1) were recorded in sole crop of red gram (T6) than the crop under intercropping situation. Among intercropping treatments, T3 produced significantly taller plants of groundnut at 60 DAE (47.60±3.34 cm) and at harvest (59.10±6.12 cm) which was comparable with T1, T2, and T4 at 60 DAE and also comparable with T2 at harvest stage. Sole crop of groundnut (T7) however produced significantly taller plants at 60 DAE (53.16±3.010 cm) and at harvest (62.82±2.27 cm), and it was comparable with T3 at harvest. Among intercropping treatments, T2 produced significantly higher total dry matter yield of groundnut (3490±88 kg ha-1) which was on par with T3 and T1. Sole crop of groundnut (T7) however recorded significantly higher total dry matter production (94210±392 kg ha-1) compared to intercropping situation. Under intercropping, T2 resulted in significantly higher kernel yield (1050.11±51.48 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (92579±143 kg ha-1) of groundnut which was comparable with T3. Sole cropping of groundnut (T7) however recorded significantly higher kernel yield (1186.36±70.64 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (3363±34 kg ha-1) than the yield under intercropping. Higher chlorophyll content of groundnut was recorded with T3 (0.79±0.06 mg g-1) which was comparable with T2. Higher crude protein content of groundnut kernel was registered with T2 (26.46±1.4 %) which was on par with T3. Among different intercropping geometries, T2 had higher N uptake (69.04±8.47 kg ha-1), P uptake (16.38±1.83 kg ha-1) and K uptake (41.64±2.01 kg ha-1), wherein T2 was comparable with T3 and T1 in case of N and P uptake while it was comparable with T3 only in case of K uptake. The sole crop of groundnut (T7) recorded significantly higher N uptake (92.96±6.08 kg ha-1), P uptake (22.95±0.60 kg ha 1 ) and K uptake (57.90±1.71 kg ha-1) than all other treatments. Analysis of competitive indices of intercropping system revealed that the land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), aggressivity and red gram equivalent yield (RGEY) were the highest in T2. The positive aggressivity value (Arg) and higher relative crowding coefficient of red gram (Kr) indicated its competitive nature and dominance over groundnut. The monetary advantage index was the highest (54468) with T2 indicating the monetary advantage of this crop geometry over others. Sole crop of red gram (T6) had the lowest cost of cultivation of (₹ 65201 ha-1) while T2 resulted in the highest net returns (₹ 126414 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.74). The results of the study indicated that red gram + groundnut in a 1:6 ratio was the best intercropping geometry in terms of the land equivalent ratio, red gram equivalent yield, monetary advantage index, net income, and benefit: cost ratio. Hence intercropping red gram with groundnut in 1:6 row ratio could be recommended as a biologically efficient and financially viable option for intercropping in the Southern Laterites.
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    Analysis of maturity related characters and identification of early maturing varieties in groundnut
    (Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 1990) Sunil Kumar, A C; Sverup John
    With the intention of identifying suitable superior early maturing genotypes for intensive cultivation in the summer rice fallows of Kerala, a study was conducted for determining the time of optimum physiological maturity of twelve bunch type groundnut genotypes by analyzing the various maturity related component characters in staggered harvests. The twelve test genotypes and the yield and duration checks were staggered harvested at 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 DAS. The characters that were put to study in each harvest included the height of plant, number and percentage of mature pods, pod yield, 100 pod weight, 100 kernel weight, shelling percentage, percentage of sound mature kernels, haulms yield, harvest index and oil percentage. Analysis of the various parameters in different genotypes indicated that peak pod yield and time of optimum maturity were closely associated with peak performances of components like number of mature pods, 100 pod weight, 100 kernel weight, sound mature kernel percentage and shelling percentage. It was also noted that the genotypes gave fairly high oil percentage at the time of optimum maturity. The genotypes IES 882, IES 883. IES885, ICGS(E) 21, ICGS(E) 52, ICGS(E) 121, Dh(E) 20 and Dh(E) 32 attained optimum physiological maturity at 90 DAS due to attainment of peak values for the various maturity related component characters. A critical appraisal however showed that the genotypes ICGS (E) 52 and IES 883 exhibited significantly superior performance over the remaining genotypes and the yield and duration checks at 90 DAS. The genotypes ICGS (E) 52 and IES 883 may be recommended for intensive cultivation in the summer rice fallows of Kerala owing to realization of high yield and yield attributes, combined with early maturity. ICGS (E) 52 ranked first with a pod yield 12.85 g per plant, 100 pod weight of 88.6 g and 100 kernel weight of 38.1 g. The genotype IES 883 stood second in performance with a pod yield of 12.00 g per plant, 100 pod weight of 88.3 g and 100 kernel weight of 36.2 g. Both the genotypes exhibited appreciably high performance for shelling percentage and sound mature kernel percentage also.
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    Intercropping tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) with pulses and groundnut
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1978) Ramakrishna Bhat, H; Sadanandan, N
    An experiment was conducted in the College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the year 1977-1978 to study the performance of tapioca intercropped with different legumes (Blackgram, cowpea, greengram and groundnut) applied with different fertilizer, half the recommended dose and full recommeded dose). The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with three replications. The experiment was conducted under rainfed conditions. The results revealed that the growth as measured from height and number of leaves and yield of tapioca as adjudged by the various yield attributes was not depressed by growing the four legumes at the three levels of fertilizers. On the other hand the quality and size of tapioca tubers were improved due to legume intercropping. The dry matter content, starch content and the HCN content of tapioca tubers were increased significantly due to growing of legumes in association with tapioca.
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    Biology, Bionomics and control of coconut cockchafer Leucopholis coneophora Burm.
    (Division of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1983) Abraham, V A; Mohan Das, M
    The biology of the coconut cockchafer Leucopholic coneophora Burm. was studied in detail for the first time. Techniques for rearing the pests from egg to adult in potted palnts kept in field were standardized. The egg laying behaviour of adults was observed. The morphological changes off eggs, different instars of grubs and pupae during development were studied in detail. The changes in immature stages of male and female insects were traced separately. The general morphology of different instars of the grubs was studied in full with a view to finding distinct identifying characters for each.
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    Effect of lime and potash on the yield and quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn) in the Red Loam soils of Kerala State
    (Division of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Vellayani, 1964) Veeraraghavan, P G; Madhavan Nair, K
    A trial was laid out in the Agricultural College Farm, Vellayani, to study the effect of graded doses of lime and potash over a basal dose 10 lb. N and 20 lb. P2O5 on the yield and quality attributes of TMV2 (bunchy type) groundnut. The soil in which the experiment was carried out, was a red loam characterised by very poor potash and lime status. Three levels of potash at 25 lb., 50 lb. and 75 lb. K2O alone per acre and in combination with three levels of lime at 0 lb., 750 lb. and 1500 lb. per acre, were the treatments adopted for the investigation.
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    Selection parameters in groundnut
    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1984) Radhika, C; Gopinathan Nair, V
    Forty divergent varieties of groundnut belonging to the hunch and serai-spreading groups were subjected to preliminary evaluation in summer rice fallows and kharif uplands. Studies on the various aspects like variability, heritability, stability and correlations were undertaken, A selection index was also formulated and the superior, stable varieties for the two locations were identified. The varieties were found to differ significantly for the various characters like number of days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, height of plants, number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, number of pegs per plant, weight of haulms per plant, fresh weight of mature pods per plant, dry weight of mature pods per plant, 100-pod and kemal weights and shelling percentage in rice fallows. In uplands, the varieties differed significantly for the number of days to flowering, number of days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, height of plants, number of mature pods per plant, number of pegs per plant, weight of haulms per plant, 100-pod weight, 100-kemal weight and shelling percentage. Pooled analyses were done for the various characters to determine the influence of environment on them. It was found that number of days to flowering, number of days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, number of pegs per plant, weight of haulms per plant, fresh weight of mature pods per plant, 100-pod weight and shelling percentage were influenced by environment to various degrees. But height of plants, dry weight of mature pods per plant and 100-kemal weight were found to have stable performance.
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    Planting geometry and double intercropping in cassava
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1989) Biju, L; Sadanandan, N
    An experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 1983-84 to study the Possibility of raising a second intercrop in sequence in a cassava based intercropping system and to identify the most suitable planting geometry. The experiment with thirteen treatment was carried out in RBD with three replications under rainfed conditions.