1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    In vitro synthesis of Gingerol and analysis of expressed sequence tags for Gingerol production in Ginger(Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
    (Centre for plant biotechnology and molecular biology,College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2020) Manjusha, Rani; Shylaja, M R
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    Stock scion interaction in Piper nigrum L. grafts
    (Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Sarga George; Sujatha, V S
    Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) also called ‘King of Spices’ and ‘Black Gold’, is one of the most widely used spices in the world, occupying a position that is supreme and unique. India is one among the countries where black pepper is being widely cultivated. However our productivity is low compared to other pepper producing countries in the world. Among the various factors limiting the productivity of Indian pepper, a soil borne disease called foot rot caused by Phytophthora is of prime importance. Piper nigrum is highly susceptible to Phytophthora foot rot. It has been reported that some South American Piper spp. are immune to Phytophthora. Interspecific crossing between Piper nigrum and immune species has not been successful so far. Grafting on resistant rootstock is a method to escape soil borne inoculum. The present study was conducted to assess the stock and scion interaction in grafts of Piper nigrum L. on different South American species of Piper immune to Phytophthora foot rot and to standardize the best time of grafting. The study was carried out as three experiments, viz., grafting studies, anatomical studies on Piper species and anatomical studies on graft union at different stages of development. Orthotropic as well as plageotropic shoots of P. nigrum, variety Panniyur 1 was grafted on three South American Piper species viz., P. colubrinum, P. auduncum and P. arboreum. Grafting of Piper nigrum on the same species was also done to study the feasibility of such grafting. The trial was laid out in completely randomized design. When orthotropic shoot of P. nigrum was used as scion, highest grafting success was recorded by the grafts of P. nigrum on the same species (100%) followed by the grafts on P. colubrinum (96.66%), P. auduncum (66.66%) and P. arboreum (46.66%). Graft survival after one year of grafting was 90.00, 83.33 and 33.33 per cent for P. nigrum/P. nigrum, P. nigrum/ P. colubrinum and P. nigrum/ P. auduncum grafts respectively. Survival of P. nigrum grafts on P. arboreum was very limited. None of these grafts survived for more than three months after grafting. Irrespective of rootstocks, the best month identified for grafting orthotropic shoot of P. nigrum was March. Although, self grafts showed highest per cent success in grafting, based on the growth of grafted plants (six month old), grafts on P. colubrinum was found to be the best with highest plant height (120.55 cm), number of nodes (18.91) and internodal length (6.32 cm). The graft recovery was less when plageotropic shoot of P. nigrum was used as scion. The highest per cent success was recorded by the grafts of P. nigrum on the same species (93.33%) followed by the grafts on P. colubrinum (66.66%), P. auduncum (36.66%) and P. arboreum (26.66%). March was identified as the best month for grafting plageotropic shoot of P. nigrum on P. nigrum, P. auduncum and P. arboreum. However, grafts on P. colubrinum performed best when grafted during June. Graft survival after one year of grafting was 66.66, 30 and 16.66 per cent for P. nigrum/P. nigrum, P. nigrum/ P. colubrinum and P. nigrum/ P. auduncum grafts respectively. Survival of P. nigrum grafts on P. arboreum was very limited. As far as the growth of grafted plants was concerned, highest growth was shown by the grafts of P. nigrum on the same species. In the anatomical studies of Piper spp. it was observed that, Piper species exhibited a peculiar arrangement of vascular bundles. Two rings of vascular bundles comprising of an outer, cortical and an inner, medullary bundles were observed in all the four Piper species examined. Mucilage canal was present only in P. nigrum while an additional medullary bundle was observed in P. colubrinum. Large pith region was the characteristic feature of P. auduncum and P. arboreum. Examination of graft union at three, six and twelve months after grafting revealed that, graft union formation was completed by six months after grafting. One year old P. nigrum/ P. colubrinum grafts and P. nigrum/ P. auduncum grafts exhibited the formation of a dense necrotic area at the graft interface. Based on the observations, it can be concluded that, due to the peculiar arrangement of vascular bundles in Piper species, matching of all the vascular bundles of stock and scion is difficult. However, complete union of parenchymatous tissues of stock and scion was formed within six months after grafting. But, a proper cambial connection between the grafting partners was not evident. Further studies need to be conducted to find out the reasons for the development of dense necrotic area at the graft interface.
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    Identification and characterization of suppressor of over expression of constans1 (SOC1) gene in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
    (Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2016) Manu K Venu; Lekha Sreekantan
    The present study entitled“Identification and characterization of Suppressor of Overexpression of Constans1 gene in Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.)”was conducted at the Integrated Biotechnology Block, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2015-2016.The study envisagedisolation and sequencing ofSOC1, a flowering integrator gene in black pepper (variety - Karimunda) and functional characterization of the gene by studying the expression patterns. Degenerate primers were designed for the above said gene based on the gene sequences from NCBI database (SOC1 forward and reverse primers) which were used to isolate and identify the gene. Total RNA of black pepper was isolated using modified CTAB method followed by synthesis of cDNA using AMV RT (Avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase). PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) with degenerate primers was done using cDNA as the template. However no amplifications were observed after the first reactions. Therefore nested PCR reactions were done using the PCR products of the first reaction as the template. Two bands of size 640 bp and 330 bp were produced in the nested reactions. Sequencing of the product yielded four sequences with each of the sequence showing similarity to the SOC1 gene, when done sequence analysis, thus making it the first flowering integrator gene to be identified in black pepper. Microscopy studies were carried out to see the floral characters of black pepper in detail. Microscopy studies were done using FAA fluid as fixative, sectioning the tissues and staining with safranin and fast green were carried out to see the changes occurring in different development stages of spikes from immature spike to complete spike with berries.