1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Effect of foliar application of selected micronutrients and growth regulators on tuber development , yield and fortification status of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.).(Department of Plant Physiology , College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2019) Arya, S R; Viji, M MA field experiment entitled “ Effect of foliar application of selected micro nutrients and growth regulators on tuber development, yield and fortification status of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)” was conducted at the Instructional farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2017-2019 with an objective to enhance the qualitative and quantitative attributes in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Foliar application of selected micronutrients and growth regulators were carried out to study their effect on growth, development and changes in fortification status of sweet potato tubers and leaves. The sweet potato variety used for the experiment was Bhu Krishna. The technical programme consisted of 17 treatments and 3 replications with the design simple RBD. The treatments were C1 : NPK (as per POP) , C2 : NPK (as per POP) with water spray, T1 : C1+ FN (MN mixture( * ) 0.01% each , T2 : C1+ FN (MN mixture( * ) 0.05% each , T3 : C1+ FN (MN mixture( * ) 0.1% each , T4 : T1+ Ethrel 250 ppm , T5 : T1+ Ethrel 500 ppm , T6 : T1+ CCC 250 ppm , T7 : T1+ CCC 500 ppm , T8 : T2+ Ethrel 250 ppm , T9 : T2+ Ethrel 500 ppm , T10: T2+ CCC 250 ppm , T11: T2+ CCC 500 ppm, T12: T3+ Ethrel 250 ppm , T13: T3+ Ethrel 500 ppm , T14: T3+ CCC 250 ppm and T15: T3+ CCC 500 ppm [*MN mixture (Zn+Fe+B+Mn)]. Except C1, for all other treatments foliar sprays were given 3 times ie. at 30 days interval(30 DI). All the biometric and physiological parameters were taken at 25th,50th,75th and 100th days after planting and the quality parameters were taken at harvest. The results revealed that the micronutrients and growth regulators had significant influence on most of the biometric parameters, physiological parameters as well as quality parameters. Tuber characters such as tuber length, tuber diameter, tuber weight and tuber yield were found to be best in plants under the treatment T15 (T3+ CCC 500 ppm at 30DI) and it was on par with T13(T3+Ethrel 500ppm). Branch length (155.50cm), shoot weight (612 g) and specific leaf area (389.44 cm2 g-1) were found to be best in plants under the treatment T3(C1+ FN (MN mixture( * ) 0.1% each at 30DI). Number of leaves also were found to be higher in T3 (91.33) and it was on par with T2, T13 and T15. Cycocel and ethrel are growth retardants and they were found to have dwarfing effect on plants and hence shoot length and shoot weight did not increase in the treatments, T15(T3+ CCC 500at 30DI) and T13(T3+ Ethrel 500 ppm at 30DI) and on the other hand the number of leaves got positively influenced in both these treatments T15 and T13. Except transpiration rate all physiological parameters viz., total chlorophyll content (2.25 mg g-1), caroteinoid content (0.87mg g-1), stomatal conductance (131.33 mmole H2O m-2 s-1), photosynthetic rate (4.49 µmole CO2 m-2 s-1) and water use efficiency (5.35 mmol CO2 mol-1 H2O) were found to be best in plants under the treatment T15 (T3+ CCC 500 ppm) and T13 was on par with T15 in all these physiological parameters studied. Mineral constituents; N (0.614 %), P (0.056%), K (0.489%),Fe (16.30 mg kg-1), Zn (15.07 mg kg-1), Mn (7.37 mg kg-1) and B (1.27 mg kg-1) as well as other quality parameters like total phenol (13.33mg g-1), total sugar (34.48 mg g-1) and protein content (38.40mg g-1) were found to be higher in tubers under the treatment T15 (T3+ CCC 500 ppm) followed by treatment T13 which is considered as the second best treatment with respect to mineral content in tubers. Overall, the combined treatments of micronutrients along with growth regulators were found most effective in influencing quality parameters. Treatment T15 (ie.,NPK as per POP along with foliar nutrition of micronutreint mixture (Fe+Zn+Mn+B @ 0.1% each ) + cycocel (500ppm) at 30 days interval ) was found to be the best in terms of improving both the quantitative and qualitative attributes in sweet potato. Hence it is concluded that the treatment T15 improved the growth and development of plants, physiological parameters of leaves, tuber yield as well as fortification status of sweet potato tubers. Thus this study helped in identifying the best treatment combination of micronutrients and growth regulators for improving growth, development, yield and fortification status in sweet potato.Item Response of Ascocenda orchid to growth regulator and micronutrients(Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Jesabel George; Shobhana, AA study entitled ‘Response of Ascocenda orchid to growth regulator and micronutrients’ was carried out at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture Vellanikkara, from May 2018 to May 2019. Ascocenda is a monopodial, epiphytic, bigeneric hybrid, which is mainly grown as pot plant in hanging baskets using bricks, charcoal, coconut husk pieces etc. as growing media. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of foliar application of different micronutrient treatments on growth and yield of Ascocenda orchid. The experiment was conducted with eleven treatments viz., 0.01% zinc + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T1), 0.025% zinc + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T2), 0.01% manganese + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T3), 0.025% manganese + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T4), 0.01% boron + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T5), 0.025% boron + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T6), 0.01% iron + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T7), 0.025% iron + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T8), 0.01% molybdenum + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T9), 0.025% molybdenum + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T10), 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T11 – control). Three month old tissue cultured plants of Ascocenda var. Big Suksamran were used for the study. The micronutrients were applied at fortnightly intervals and benzyl adenine was applied at monthly intervals. Application of NPK (3:1:1) weekly twice @ 0.2% and cow dung slurry (1:5) at monthly intervals was given to all treatments as per PoP recommendation of KAU. Observations were taken at monthly intervals. The results indicated that foliar application of 0.025% manganese along with 150 ppm BA and recommended dose of NPK (T4) was best for improving plant height. The maximum plant height obtained at 12MAP was 8.86 cm. This was followed by T5 (8.81 cm) and T3 (8.63 cm) which were statistically on par with T4. The maximum shoot diameter was observed in T5 (10.20 mm) at 12 MAP which was on par with T4 and T3 (9.96 mm and 9.84 mm respectively). The treatment T3 was superior in terms of leaf characters like leaf length and leaf area up to 7 MAP and thereafter these parameters were highest in treatment T5. However, there was no significant difference between T5 and T3 in terms of leaf length at 12 MAP (16.70 cm and 16.48 cm respectively). The highest leaf area at 12 MAP was observed in T5 (23.17 cm2) followed by T3 (22.73 cm2). Number of leaves and leaf breadth were found highest with the application of 0.01% boron along with 150 ppm BA and recommended dose of NPK. A maximum of 13.69 leaves were observed in T5 at 12MAP. The maximum leaf breadth observed in T5 after 12 months of planting was 1.52 cm, which was closely followed by T3 and T4 (1.51 cm each), and no significant difference between these three treatments could be noticed. Regarding interval of leaf production, only 4 treatments (T3, T4, T5, and T11) could produce the highest number of eight leaves, within a period of 386 days. Among these, T4 took the shortest period of 337.45 days to produce the 8th leaf. T10 produced only five leaves within a period of 386 days. Among the root parameters, highest root length was observed in T3 (0.01% manganese + POP + 150 ppm BA) at 12 MAP (26.59 cm) whereas the treatment T4 (0.025% Mn + PoP + 150 ppm BA) was superior in terms of number of roots and root diameter. The best treatment with respect to number of roots varied during initial months, even though, from 6 MAP onwards, highest number of roots was observed in T4 with a value of 10.28 at 12 MAP. In the case of root diameter, a highest of 2.91 mm was recorded in T4 at 12 MAP, which was on par with T8 (2.86 mm), T3 (2.84 mm) and T5 (2.82 mm). Among the eleven treatments, T3 (Mn 0.01% + PoP + 150ppm BA), T4 (Mn 0.025% + PoP + 150ppm BA), and T5 (B 0.01% + PoP + 150ppm BA)were found to be best for improving the vegetative characters of Ascocenda orchid, while application of Mo @ 0.025% (T10) at fortnightly intervals was inhibitory to the plants in terms of all the vegetative characters studied. The objective of studying the floral and postharvest characters could not be achieved since the plant did not bloom within the period of study.Item Response of rice to application of micronutrients(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1992) Muralidharan, P; Jose, A IA field experiment was conducted to study the response of rice to application of secondary and micronutrients during the first and second crop seasons of 1991. The experiment was conducted at the agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy using rice variety Jyothi and the soil was sandy clay loam in texture. The treatments consisted of the different micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Mn, B and Mo), magnesium, sulphur, a combination of the above said nutrients and stanes Microfood, a micronutrient formulation, in addition to the control with no micronutrients. Application of N, P and K was done uniformly in all the treatments. Soil and plant samples were collected at the maximum tillering, flowering and harvesting stages of the crop for the determination of uptake and availability of nutrients, pH and specific conductance. The continued effect of the application of micronutrient was studied by repeating the experiment in the second crop season with the same set of treatments applied to the same plots. Observations on the morphological and yield characters and yields of grain and straw were recorded in both the seasons of crop growth.Item Studies on a manure supplement containing secondary and trace elements prepared from sea water (Sagar) on the growth, yield, quality and absorption of nutrients by rice(Division of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1975) Chinnamma, N P; Money, N SA field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of application of Sagar, a manure supplement prepared from the sea water on the growth, yield and quality of rice and absorption of nutrients from soil. The result obtained are summarised below. 1) Application of NPK increased significantly all the growth characters and these characters were increased steadily with increase in the levels of NPK. Sagar application increased considerably the number of tillers and the number of productive tillers per plant.Item Seed treatment and foliar nutrition for enhanced productivity of blackgram (vigna mungo L)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Vaddula Yamini; Anilkumar, A SA field experiment on “Seed treatment and foliar nutrition for enhanced productivity of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)”wasconducted during Rabi 2018 at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani with an objective to evaluate the effect of different seed treatments and foliar nutrition on the growth and yield of blackgram and also to work out the economics of production. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with six levels of seed treatments and two levels of nutrient schedule in three replications. The levels of seed treatment were s0 – without seed treatment, s1 – seed treatment with borax @ 1g kg-1 seed, s2 – seed treatment with borax @ 2 g kg-1 seed, s3 – seed treatment with sodium molybdate @ 1 g kg-1 seed, s4 – seed treatment with sodium molybdate @ 1.5 g kg-1 seed and s5 – seed treatment with borax and sodium molybdate @ 1 g kg-1 seed each. Two levels of nutrient schedule were n1- ½ N + full P + full K as basal application + ½ N as foliar spray of urea at 15 and 35 DAS and n2- ½ N + full P + ½ K as basal application + ½ N and ½ K as foliar spray of 13:0:45 at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS. Among the seed treatments, s5 produced the tallest plants, higher number of leaves and branches per plant at harvest and also registered maximum LAI at 60 DAS. Between the nutrient schedules n1 recorded the tallest plants at 40 DAS and maximum branches number per plant at harvest, while n2 registered maximum leaves number per plant at harvest and LAI at 60 DAS. Maximum nodules number, effective nodules and nodules weight per plant was recorded with s3 and n2 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS. Seed treatment and nutrient schedule also had significant influence on root parameters with the highest root spread and root weight observed with s2 and n1. The yield characters viz., number of pods per plant, pod length, 100 seed weight, grain yield and harvest index were favorably influenced by s5. However, the highest number of seeds per pod and yield of pod were registered with s1. The treatment s5 registered the highest yield of grain of 1005 kg ha-1 and was statistically comparable with s1, while s3 registered the highest yield of haulm of 1854 kg ha-1, which was statistically comparable with s2. Between the nutrient schedules, n2 recorded the highest 100 seed weight, yield of grain and yield of haulm (872 and 1750 kg ha-1). Interaction effects also significantly influenced yield parameters and yield. The treatment combination s5n2 recorded the highest pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, pod yield and grain yield. With regard to haulm yield, s3n2 recorded highest value of 1899 kg ha-1. The results also showed favorable increase in dry matter production with seed treatment, nutrient schedule and interaction effect, and the highest DMP (2933 kg ha-1) was obtained with s5n2. Seed treatment and interaction effects also significantly influenced protein content. The highest protein content of 22.28 per cent was recorded with s5 and it was statistically comparable with s2. Among the interaction effects, the treatment combination s5n2 recorded maximum protein content of 22.75 per cent. Increased N and P uptake were recorded with s5 and the treatment combination s5n2. The highest boron uptake was recorded with s2 and it was at par with s1. Net income and B: C ratio were maximum in plots treated with s5 and n2. The highest net returns of ₹ 21,914 ha-1 and B: C ratio of 1.48 were recorded with treatment combination s5n2. The results revealed that, in blackgram, seed treatment with borax and sodium molybdate @ 1g kg-1 seed each and scheduling nutrient application at 20: 30: 30 kg NPK ha-1 as ½ N + full P + ½ K as basal followed by ½ N and ½ K as foliar spray of 13:0:45 at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS could be suggested for realizing higher yield and net returns.Item Evaluation of micronutrient formulation in cowpea(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2019) Roshni John; Binitha, N KItem Major nutrient disorders of banana (var. nendran) in vaikom block(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Greeshma Suresh; Sailaja Kumari, M SThe research programme entitled “Major nutrient disorders of banana (var. Nendran) in Vaikom block” was carried out in various locations of banana growing areas in Vaikom, during 2015–2017. The study was conducted with the objective of finding out nutrient disorders of banana through a preliminary field survey followed by analysis of soil and plant for nutrient contents. The reasons for low yield and productivity of banana in the area of study were also investigated to identify the nutritional causes behind it. As part of the study, a survey was conducted to identify the major banana growing tracts of Vaikom region and soil samples were collected randomly from six locations in six panchayats of Vaikom block where visible symptoms were observed and nutrient deficiencies were suspected. Soil samples were collected during the first month after planting before fertilizer application from Chembu, Maravanthuruth, Udayanapuram, T. V. Puram, Vechoor and Thalayazham panchayaths. The samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B). The index leaf tissues of banana were also collected from the study locations during the fourth month after planting and were analyzed for major and micro nutrients. Results on soil acidity showed that the intensity of acidity varied from very strongly acidic to slightly acidic. About 13.33 per cent soils were very strongly acidic, 17.78 per cent strongly acidic, 41.11 per cent moderately acidic and 27.77 per cent slightly acidic. The electrical conductivity was found to be normal in these tracts at the time of sampling. High organic carbon status was observed in 35.56 per cent of the samples. Available phosphorus was adequate in the soils, but nitrogen and potassium were found to be deficient. About 48.8 per cent of soil samples were deficient in potassium and visible symptoms were prominent in the fields with necrosis of leaves starting from the leaf margin and extenting towards the midrib. Deficiency of calcium and magnesium was acute in the soils where field symptoms were observed. Calcium deficiency appeared as yellow-white parallel streaks in the leaf lamina parallel to the midrib accompanied by severe crinkling of leaves. Soil and plant analysis data revealed that micronutrient deficiencies were also widespread in the region. The symptoms of boron deficiency were prominent in the study area where plants showed delayed unfolding of leaves. Uneven and brittle leaf surface with ‘ladder like’ symptoms were also noticed in these plants. Nutrient management practices followed by the farmers in Vaikom block influenced the fertility status of soils to a certain extent. Majority of the farmers were unaware of the scientific nutrient management practices and rarely applied secondary and micro nutrients. As banana is a nutrient exhaustive crop and continuous cultivation in the same piece of land resulted in severe nutrient mining. These factors might have led to the poor yields obtained in these areas. It was concluded that the nutrient disorders observed in field were due to deficiency of both major and micro nutrients. Multi- nutrient deficiencies identified in the banana growing areas might be the major reason for decline in productivity. Scientific nutrient management based on soil and plant health can alleviate the nutrient deficiencies and enhance the crop yield.