1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Silicon, boron and zinc nutrition of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) var. preethi(Department of plant soil science and agricultural chemistry, Padannakkad, 2015) Mohammed, Shahid Salam C H; Suresh, P RItem Response of selected banana varieties to root knot nematode meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and white)(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2015) Neethu, N S; Susannamma KurienBanana, a dessert fruit for millions, otherwise known as “Apple of Paradise” is botanically Musa spp. It is one of the most popular fruits in the world in terms of per capita consumption as well as the most widely traded fruit in the world. Among the various pests and diseases of banana, plant parasitic nematodes constitute one of the major limiting factors to banana production causing extensive root damage and serious economic loss throughout the world. The root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) alone causes 31 per cent yield reduction in India (Jonathan and Rajendran, 2000b).Management of this nematode relies mainly on the repeated use of chemical nematicides which has adverse side effect on environment. One of the most effective and economical ways to control plant parasitic nematodes is exploiting host plant resistance. In this context a study entitled “Response of selected banana varieties to root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White)” was carried out in the Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara and Banana Research Station (BRS), Kannara during 2014-2015 with the objective of screening selected banana varieties hybrids against M. incognita and to elucidate the biochemical basis of resistance. Twenty five banana varieties from the germplasm collection of BRS, Kannara, comprising of nine exotic hybrids, six Indian varieties, nine exotic varieties and a highly susceptible check (Robusta) were screened for their reaction to M. incognita. Pot culture experiment was conducted at BRS, Kannara in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Nematodes were inoculated @ one second stage juvenile per gram of soil at forty five days after planting. Monthly observations on the biometric characters viz., plant height, pseudostem girth and number of leaves were recorded from the date of inoculation till uprooting (six months after inoculation). At the time of uprooting, root knot number and nematode population in soil and roots were recorded. Based on the number of galls, indexing was done on 1-5 scale and the banana varieties/hybrids were respectively categorized as highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible (Gitanjalidevi et al., 2014). None of the varieties were highly resistant whereas, SH–3640 (AAAB) and SH–3436-6 (AAAA) with mean root knot index of 2 were classified as resistant. Nine varieties viz., FHIA-1 (AAB), FHIA-3 (AABB), SH–3436-9 (AAAA), TMB × 5295-1 (AAAB), Udayam (ABB), Dudhsagar (AAB), Manjeri Nendran II (AAB), Big Ebanga (AAB) and Pisang Nangka (AAB) with root knot index of 3 rated as moderately resistant. Seven varieties viz., TMP 2829 (AB), Mysore Ethan (AAB), Sugandhi (AAB), Yangambi Km5 (AAA), Bangrier (ABB), Popoulu (AAB) and Pisang Madu (AA) with root knot index of 4 found to be susceptible and rest of the seven varieties viz., FHIA -17 (AAAA), FHIA -18 (AAAB), Karpooravally Dwarf (ABB), Pisang Ceylan (AAB), Pisang Jari Buaya (AA), Pisang Buntal (AA) and Robusta (AAA) with root knot index of 5 were classified as highly susceptible. To study the biochemical basis of resistance, biochemical components like total phenol content, peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity were estimated three months after inoculation based on standard procedures. Biochemical analysis revealed a higher total phenol content and enzymes like polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase in resistant varieties. A significant negative correlation was observed between the biochemical parameters and number of root knots, root knot index and population of M. incognita in root and soil.Item Management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne sp. (Kofoid and White) in Coleus, Solenostemon rotundifolius(Poir) morton(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2014) Lakshmy K Mohan; Susannamma KurienThe study entitled ‘Management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne sp. in coleus, Solenostemon rotundifolius (Poir) Morton’ was conducted at College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2012-2013 with the objectives of assessment of the population of plant parasitic nematodes infesting coleus at different coleus growing regions of Thrissur District, identification of the species of Meloidogyne infesting coleus and evaluation of biocontrol agents, organic amendments and a chemical insecticide against this root- knot nematode in coleus. Survey was conducted in the major coleus growing areas of Thrissur District, namely Mundathikode, Wadakkanchery, Varavoor, Thirur, Kolazhi, Vellanikkara, Madakkathara and Vadanapilly. Soil and tuber samples were collected from these localities and the nematodes were extracted to assess the population of plant parasitic nematodes associated with coleus. It was found that root-knot nematode was the major problem in all the eight locations and the species of root-knot nematode was identified as Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, 1949 on the basis of perineal pattern of white females. Other plant parasitic nematodes recorded from soil samples were reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveiria), burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis (Cobb, 1893) Thorne, 1949), lance nematode (Hoplolaimus sp.), spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus sp.) and rice-root nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae Luc and Goodey, 1963) which were not harmful to the tubers of coleus. The highest average root-knot nematode population was recorded from Kolazhi with 450.4 nematodes/ 200g soil with a gall index of 3.9. Pot culture experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of biocontrol agents, organic amendments and a chemical insecticide against root-knot nematode infesting coleus. The results showed that application of organic amendments namely whole plant of Tagetes erecta, leaves of Chromolaena odorata and neem cake resulted in the enhancement of plant growth characters and resulted in a reduction of root-knot nematode population. Incorporation of T. erecta whole plant ranked first among the organic amendments. Neem cake, cartap hydrochloride 4G and combination treatments of Bacillus subtilis + Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. fluorescens + Paecilomyces lilacinus improved the yield of coleus plants. Soil application of P. lilacinus, cartap hydrochloride 4G and incorporation of T. erecta suppressed the nematode population in soil, root and tuber respectively. Combination treatment of P. fluorescens + P. lilacinus and application of neem cake also reduced population buildup of nematode and kept the infestation at a lower level. Highest reduction in number of females, number of root knots and root knot index was also observed in T. erecta and was followed by P. lilacinus, P. fluorescens + P. lilacinus, neem cake and C. odorata. The study clearly indicated that application of organic amendments and biocontrol agents were found to be as effective as cartap hydrochloride 4G in managing the root-knot nematode population in coleus and can be considered as alternative to nematicide application.Item Availability indices of boron in major soil groups of Kerala(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2011) Anu George; Suresh Kumar, PRepresentative surface samples (0-20 cm) of eight soil types each from three locations (total 25 samples-including one additional sample from Kuttanad) covering nine agro-ecological units representing the major rice growing tracts of the state were collected for the present study on “Availability indices of boron in major soil groups of Kerala”. The agro-ecological units (AEU) included were Kuttanad (Kuttanad, AEU 4), Kole (Kole lands, AEU 6), Pokkali (Pokkali lands, AEU 5), Black cotton (Palakkad central plains AEU 23 and Palakkad eastern plains, AEU 10), Onattukara (Onattukara sandy plains, AEU 3), Palakkad rice soil (North central laterite, AEU 10), Laterite soils from Kozhikode, Vellanikkara and Pattambi (Midland laterite, AEU 11 and North central laterite, AEU 10)and Wayanad Plateau soils (Northern High hills, AEU 15 and Wayanad central plateau, AEU 20). The soils were characterized with respect to pH, EC, CEC, PBS and exchangeable cations, total sesquioxide and available nutrient status (Organic carbon, available B, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn). Among the 25 soils, 15 soils showed acute boron deficiency chances (Critical limit: <0.5 mg kg-1 soil ). Fractionation of soil boron was done to separate the different forms of boron existing in soil viz. nonspecifically adsorbed plus water soluble B (NSA-B), specifically adsorbed B (SPA-B), manganese oxy-hydroxide bound B (MOH-B), B occluded in amorphous Fe-Al oxides (AMO-B), B occluded in crystalline Fe-Al oxides (CRO-B) and residual boron. Amount of boron existed in different fractions was in the following order, Residual > CRO-B > AMO-B > MOH-B > SPA-B > NSA-B. Among these fractions, MOH-B and NSA-B contributed to available B directly as well as indirectly through each other. Electrical conductivity or rather salinity is the single most important factor influencing B availability. Adsorption studies were conducted with all the soils to study the adsorption pattern of B in the above soils. The data obtained from boron adsorption experiments were fitted into different adsorption isotherms like Freundlich, Langmuir and Tempkin isotherms. 22 soils followed Freundlich adsorption pattern where as only one each of Black cotton soils (Black cotton 1) and Onattukara soils (Onattukara 2) fitted with Langmuir and Tempkin as well. Onattukara 1, the soil which recorded the lowest available B of 0.04 mg kg-1 was used to conduct a pot culture experiment using rice as test crop with three levels of B (0,10 and 20 kg ha-1) with and without 5t of FYM per hectare. The data on soil as well as plant analysis at panicle initiation and harvest stages indicated that available B status improved with increasing levels of B. Grain and total DM yield increased with the increase in boron doses without FYM. It was also noted that FYM alone could meet the B requirement. FYM with borax was found to have antagonistic effects with respect to yield as well as the nutrient contents in rice.Item Influence of organic matter and moisture on adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides in laterite soil.(Departmental of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2011) Hasna, K; Durga Devi, K M