1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Growth promotion in chilli on inoculation with pseudomonas fluorescens and piriformosporaa(Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2019) Nandana, M S; Anith, K NThe study entitled “Growth promotion in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) on inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Piriformospora indica” was undertaken during 2017-2019, in the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, with the objective to assess the compatibility of the root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica and two Pseudomonas fluorescens strains, and to evaluate their effect on growth promotion in chilli variety Vellayani Athulya. The Pseudomonad strains used were Pseudomonas fluorescens PN026 and Pseudomonas fluorescens AMB8. Experiments comprised both in vitro and in vivo studies. For in vitro study a dual culture plate assay was done in potato dextrose agar (PDA) and coconut water agar (CWA) with the fungal and bacterial endophytes to evaluate the direct antagonism. Both Pseudomonas fluorescens PN026 and Pseudomonas fluorescens AMB8 showed antagonism to the root endophyte Piriformospora indica in PDA whereas in CWA, Pseudomonas fluorescens PN026 did not show any antagonistic effect and Pseudomonas fluorescens AMB8 showed a reduced antagonism to Piriformospora indica compaired to that in PDA. Indirect antagonism was evaluated through agar well diffusion method and paper disc diffusion method using culture filtrate of the bacterial strains and the culture filtrate from both the bacterial strains showed antagonism against Piriformospora indica in which the maximum zone of inhibition was observed in culture filtrate of Pseudomonas fluorescens AMB8. A Co-culture experiment involving P.indica and Pseudomonas strains using a single fermentation system was attempted in two different media; potato dextrose broth (PDB) and autoclaved coconut water (ACW). The flasks were incubated under agitation for 48 h and the population of the bacteria was determined at 24 h intervals by dilution plating in Kings B agar medium and it was observed that, when 10 day old cultures of the fungus in ACW and PDB were inoculated with the bacteria, ACW supported the growth of the bacteria similarly to fungus free ACW and KB medium. Co-cultivation in PDB led to a decline in bacterial population and the autoclaved coconut water can be suggested as a better medium for coculturing of P. indica and Pseudomonas fluorescens strains. A pot culture experiment was undertaken to study the effect of the different treatments on growth promotion of chilli. The experiment was laid out in CRD with six treatments and three replications and observation was taken in 15 days. The treatments comprised fungal and bacterial endophytes along with combinations of both fungal and bacterial endophytes and an uninoculated control. Different parameters like plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, number of fruits/plant, fresh fruit yield, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, fresh root weight, dry root weight, days to flowering, days to fruit set and percentage root colonisation by Piriformospora indica were evaluated. Maximum plant height was recorded in the treatment with mixed inoculation of Piriformospora indica and Pseudomonas fluorescens PN026 without any significance in statistical data. A significantly increasing trend was observed in number of leaves with mixed inoculation of Piriformospora indica and Pseudomonas fluorescens PN026 from 45th day after transplanting and it was statistically on par with the treatment consisting of Piriformospora indica alone. Number of branches were found to be higher with mixed inoculation of Pirifomospora indica and Pseudomonas fluorescens PN026. There was no significant difference in the fresh weight and dry weight of shoot, whereas the fresh and dry weight of root (21.13 g and 8.26g respectively) were significantly higher in the plants treated with P. indica along with Pseudomonas fluorescens PN026. Number of fruits per plant (10.25/plant) and fresh fruit yield per plant (37.95g/plant) were recorded significantly higher with mixed inoculation of Piriformospora indica and Pseudomonas fluorescens PN026. The in vivo study disclosed that plants treated with Piriformospora indica along with Pseudomonas fluorescens PN026 were found to perform better than all other treatments. The mixed inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens AMB8 and P. indica had no additional advantage in plant growth in chilli. Piriformospora indica was able to successfully colonize in the plant roots applied with the bacterial endophyte. The present study revealed that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens PN026 can be used along with Piriformospora indica, the root endophyte, for enhancing plant growth in chilli.Item Media improvement for in Vitro culturing and hardening of TC Banana CV. Nendran(Department of Pomology, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2019) Vinayak Lamani; Meera Manjusha, A VThe research work “Media improvement for in vitro culturing and hardening of tissue culture banana cv. Nendran” was carried out 1) to study the effect of nitrogen sources (ammonium and nitrate) on shoot and root regeneration in tissue cultured Nendran banana and 2) to standardize methods to enhance the growth and survival of plantlets during primary and secondary hardening stage. Experiments were conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode, Kasargod during 2017-2019. First experiment consisted of in vitro culture with five treatments- T1 – MS media (control) (NH4NO3 1650mg/l and KNO31900mg/l), T2 - Modified MS media (2850mg/l KNO3 + 825mg/l NH4NO3), T3 - Modified MS media (1900mg/l KNO3), T4 -Modified MS media (3800mg/l KNO3) and T5 - Modified MS media (1900mg/l KNO3 + 1361mg/l (NH4)2H2PO4). In the first experiment, normal MS media T1 (control) was observed to be superior one compared with other treatments (modified MS media). It recorded maximum number of multiple shoots per explant after 4th, 5th and 6th subculture and highest shoot length, number of leaves, number of roots, root length and maximum fresh and dry weight of shoot after the rooting stage. Second experiment on primary hardening was carried out with nine treatments such as T1- sand (control), T2 - coco peat, T3 - vermicompost, T4 - sand + coco peat (1:1), T5 - sand + vermicompost (1:1), T6 - coco peat + vermicompost (1:1), T7 - sand + coco peat + vermicompost (1:1:1), T8 - sand + coco peat + vermicompost (1:2:1) and T9 - sand + coco peat + vermicompost (1:1:2) . Primary hardening study was carried out with different hardening media. Plant growth and survival were effectively influenced by hardening media. T1, T2, T6, T7 and T9 showed 100 percent survival but T3 (47.33 %) and T5 (18.00 %) had lower survival rates. With respect to various growth parameters T6 recorded highest 117 plant height, pseudostem girth, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, root length and highest shoot fresh and dry weight and T2 had recorded maximum number primary and secondary roots and root weight which was on par with T6. Third experiment on biotization was done with nine treatments consisting of T1 - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, T2 - Azotobacter, T3 - Azospirillum, T4 - PSB (Pseudomonas fluorescens), T5 - AMF + Azotobacter, T6 - AMF + Azospirillum T7 - PSB + Azotobacter, T8 - PSB + Azospirillum and T9 - Control (Potting mixture only). Investigation on biotization of plants, revealed significant effects on plant growth and development through enhanced nutrients uptake. All treatments showed 100 % survival. Among treatments, T8 recorded highest plant height at 30 and 60 DAT, maximum pseudostem girth was found in T1 and T6 at 30 and 60 DAT. With respect all leaf characters T7 was significantly superior which recorded maximum leaf length, leaf width and leaf area at both stages. T5 recorded more number primary and secondary roots, primary root length and root weight and shoot fresh and dry weight compared to control. Chlorophyll content was maximum in T7 and T4 at 30 and 60 DAT respectively. In the nutrient status of plants, T1 recorded maximum content of P and K and N content was more in T3. Plants of T5 recorded highest uptake of Zn, Fe and Mn. Cu and B content were more in T7 and T1 respectively. For successful in vitro culture of banana cv. Nendran, both ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen are required as per the results obtained. For successful transplantation of tissue cultured plants, acclimatization is an integral process in tissue culture technique, which involves primary and secondary hardening. For primary hardening, T6 - mixture of coco peat and vermicompost (1:1) was the best for successful survival and growth of plantlets. Biotization was found to be an important technique in secondary hardening stage, which enhanced the growth and development of plants through increased uptake of nutrients from media. Among the treatments, T5 - AMF and Azotobacter combination was the best for secondary hardening.Item Characterization and evaluation of on-farm liquid organic manures on soil health and crop nutrition(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2017) Sreya U Parvathi; Ushakumari, KItem Exploitation of indigenous bacterial antagonists against root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita (kofoid and white ) chitwood(Department of Nematology, College off Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Vishnu, J S; Nisha, M SItem Economic assessment of the use of microbial inoculants in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Idukki district(Department of Agricultural Economics, Vellayani, 2017) Salma Muslim; Santha, A MThe research entitled ‘Economic assessment of the use of microbial inoculants in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Idukki district. The objectives of the study were to quantify the extent of use of microbial inoculants (MI) used in black pepper, assess the economics of microbial inoculants (MI) application and identify the constraints of microbial inoculants adoption in pepper cultivation. At the first stage two blocks namely Kattappana and Nedumkandam were selected purposively and Irattayar and Nedumkandam panchayat were selected respectively from the 2 development blocks. The required information was collected from 30 MI using farmers and 30 non-MI farmers of black pepper by simple random sampling from the two panchayats. Thus the total sample size was 60. Percentage analysis was done to analyze socio economic variables and extent of adoption of MI. Cost ABC concept was used to calculate the cost of cultivation of MI using farmers and non-MI farmers separately. Resource use efficiency was calculated using Cobb Douglas production function and constraints were ranked by Garret’s ranking technique. Black pepper occupied about 45 per cent of cropped area and 30 per cent area occupied by cardamom. Plantation crops like cocoa, coffee, spices like nutmeg clove, vanilla and annuals like banana and vegetables were also cultivated in this area. Major varieties of black pepper cultivated were Panniyur I, Panniyur 4, local varieties like Karimunda, Neelamundi, Vellamundi, Kottanadan, Kuthiravaly, Kalluvallyand major standards for trailing pepper were Murukku, Silver Oak and Kilinjil. Average size of land holding was 1.85 ha for MI using farmers and 2.10 ha for non-MI farmers. Seventy three per cent of MI using farmers and 56 per cent of non-MI farmers had holdings ranging from 0.4-1.2 ha under pepper. Forty percent of high income farmers were following non-MI pepper farming. Analysis of extent of use of microbial inoculants revealed that only 33 per cent were following the recommended rate of MI whereas 46.6 per cent of farmers used in excess.Total cost of cultivation of black pepper per hectare was more for non-MI farmers when compared to MI using farmers. Cost A1 of MI adopted farmers was Rs. 133797.24 ha-1 and that for non-MI was Rs. 155720.64 ha-1. Cost C was calculated as Rs. 295050.13 ha-1 and Rs. 439399.87 ha-1 for MI using famers and non-MI respectively. Major share of cost A1 was contributed by cost of hired labourfor both categories followed by cost of manures, fertilizers and soil ameliorants. Yield of black pepper did not show much difference, but the farmers using MI were mostly following organic farming, fetches a higher price of Rs.700 per kg against the price ofRs.680 per kg for the non-MI famers. Net returns at cost C for MI using farmers was Rs. 135749.75 which was higher than that of non-MI farmers. BC ratios were 1.8 and 1.23 for MI adopters and non-MI farmers respectively at cost C. The Cobb Douglas production function analysis showed that number of bearing pepper vines had a positive and significant impact on yield in both the cases. In case of MI using farmers along with number of bearing vines, quantity of manures had positive and significant impact on yield. Quantity of MI showed positive coefficient but was non-significant. For the non-MI pepper farmers, number of hired labour and quantity of manures showed positive and significant impact in addition to number of bearing pepper vines. Difficulty in proper identification of pests and diseases in the study area, less availability of microbial inoculants other than Pseudomonas and Trichoderma, Lack of knowledge about recommended method, dose and time of application of MI and climate change were the major constraints observed. Present research revealed that by using MI, farmers could reduce the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides; thereby they could reduce the cost of cultivation and increase profitability. Excess adoption of MI was prominent among the users and proper guidance is required to the farmers on the application of recommended dose of microbial inoculants along with adequate availability of all microbial inoculants.Item Management of major chewing pests, henosepilachna septima (Dieke) and diaphania indica (Saund) infesting bitter gourd with bacterial bioagents(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2017) Liz J Mampallil; Faizal, M HItem Enhancement of systemic resistance to soil borne pathogens of ginger by enriched spent mushroom substrate of pleurotus sajor-caju(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2017) Remya, J S; Beena, S