1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Incidence and management of pests of rose Rosa spp.(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2023-07-13) Aswathy S S.; Narayana, RRose is one of the most common commercial ornamental crops seen in every household garden. Rose cultivation is gaining popularity day by day. Pest and disease infestation is one of the major concerns in rose cultivation. In this present scenario, a thorough knowledge of the pests infesting rose and their management under Kerala conditions is essential for the successful cultivation of roses. In this context, the present study, entitled "Incidence and management of pests of rose, Rosa sp.," was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during the period 2020–2022. The objectives of the study were to document the pests infesting Rosa spp., their nature of damage and symptoms, natural enemies associated with the pests and to develop effective management practices. The documentation was conducted at 20 locations of Thiruvananthapuram district viz., Amaravila, Anayara, Attingal, Balaramapuram, Chala, Chirayinkeezhu, Gowreesapattom, Karamana, Karikkakom, Kattakada, Nalanchira, Neyyatinkara, Panangode, Peyad, Sreekaryam, Thiruvallam, Uchakkada, Ulloor, Vellayani, and Vembayam. A total of 42 species of pests were recorded in which twenty four were sucking pests and eighteen were chewing pests. Sucking pests documented were black vine thrips (Retithrips syriacus (Mayet)), chilli thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood), grapevine thrips (Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood), Rhipiphorothrips pulchellus Morgan, redbanded thrips (Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard)), gold-tipped tubular thrips (Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin)), Haplothrips ganglbaueri Schmutz, spider mite (Oligonychus biharensis (Hirst)), pea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch), cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii (Glover)), egyptian fluted scale (Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas)), seychelles scale (Icerya seychellarum (Westwood)), cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi Maskell), California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell)), mealybug (Planococcus sp.), striped mealybug (Ferrisia virgata Cockerell), spiralling whitefly 100 (Aleurodicus dispersus Russell), whiteflies (Unidentified sp. 1, Unidentified sp. 2), and unidentified species of cow bug, planthoppers, flatid planthopper and spittle bug. The biting and chewing pests recorded were leaf twisting weevil (Apoderus sp.), flower beetle (Popillia complanata Newman, Gametis versicolor (Fabricius)), flea beetle (Luperomorpha vittatta Duvivier), leaf cutting bee (Megachile sp.), common hedge blue (Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield)), brown tussock moth (Olene mendosa Hubner), tussock moth (Arna bipunctapex Hampson), tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)), and black looper (Hyposidra talaca (Walker)). Leaf rollers, hairy caterpillar, slug caterpillar, grass hoppers, ash weevil, bag worms and slug pests documented during the study. A total of thirteen species of natural enemies associated with pests of rose were identified. Six species of spiders, Oxyopes birmanicus Thorell, Oxyopes javanus Thorell, Oxyopes shwetha Tikader, Stenaelurillus sp., Camaricus formosus Thorell, and Thomisus sp., were identified, and they were the predominant predators in the rose ecosystem. This was followed by four species of coccinellids (Pseudaspidimerus trinotatus (Thunberg), Rodolia sp., Scymnus sp., and Sticholotidini beetle), two species of preying mantids, Odontomantis pulchra Olivier and Hestiasula brunneriana Saussure, and a neuropteran insect. Spiromesifen 22.9 % SC @ 96 g a.i. ha -1 was the best treatment recorded for R. syriacus and S. dorsalis with highest reduction of 94.90 % and 98.1 % respectively in thrips population at 7 DAS. At 14 DAS, spiromesifen 22.9 % SC @ 96 g a.i. ha -1 was significantly superior to dimethoate 30 % EC @ 400 g a.i. ha-1 in reducing the population of S. dorsalis, while the effect of both treatments were statistically on par for R. syriacus. Least effective treatment was HMO @ 25 mL L-1 for both thrips and was on par with the effect of talc based formulation of L. lecanii @ 20 g L-1. Spiromesifen 22.9 % SC @ 96 g a.i. ha -1 treated plants showed lowest leaf damage (18.86 %) for R. syriacus and lowest flower (6.29 %) and flower bud (6.21 %) damage for S. dorsalis and the effect was on par with dimethoate 30 % EC @ 400 g a.i. ha-1 at 14 DAS. Lowest reduction (10.67 %) in spider population was 101 recorded in talc based formulation of L. lecanii @ 20 g L-1 treated plants which was statistically on par with spiromesifen 22.9 % SC @ 96 g a.i. ha -1, untreated plants and HMO @ 25mL L-1 treated plants. Flubendiamide 39.35 % SC @ 48g a.i. ha -1 was the effective treatment recorded with significantly higher percentage reduction in population of O. mendosa at 14 DAS followed by malathion 50 % EC @ 500 g a.i. ha -1 (85.91 %). Results of effect of different treatments on extent of leaf damage in O. mendosa infested plants showed lowest value in flubendiamide 39.35 % SC @ 48 g a.i. ha -1 treated plants and was on par with malathion 50 % EC @ 48 g a.i. ha -1. HMO @ 25mL L-1 was least effective in managing O. mendosa with mean percentage damage of 34.44. Lowest percentage reduction (8.33) in spider population was recorded in talc based formulation B. bassiana @ 20 g L-1 treated plants and was on par with untreated plants and NSKE 5%. A total of 42 species of pests infesting rose were recorded of which five are new records in rose from Kerala. Thirteen species of natural enemies associated with pests of rose were also recorded. Spiromesifen 22.9% SC @ 96 g a.i. ha -1 was the effective treatment for the management of S. dorsalis and R. syriacus and flubendiamide 39.35 % SC @ 48 g a.i. ha -1 was found effective in reducing Olene mendosa population in rose. 102Item Standardization of growing media and growth regulators for rose (Rosa ssp.) under top ventilated rain shelter(Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Sijo, John; Mini, SankarItem Induced chemical mutagenesis in Rose under in vitro culture(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 1991) Uma, B; Krishnan Nair, NThe present investigation entitled “Induced chemical mutagenesis in rose (Rosa chinensis) under in vitro culture” was carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory attached to the Horticultural Department, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 1989-90. The main objectives of the experiment were to standardize a suitable culture medium for the growth and development of axillary buds and to standardize a successful method of chemical mutagenesis in rose under in vitro culture using the most potent chemical mutagen, ethyl methane sulphonate. The standardization of hormone levels in the culture medium (ms) was done at three stages of explant development viz. culture establishment, axillary bud proliferation and in vitro rooting. Surface sterilization of axillary buds were standardized by using mercuric chloride selecting out three concentrations 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1 per cent and 3 periods of treatment 5, 10 and 15 minutes. The axillary buds used were of 4 maturity stages ie. Axillary buds at the time of flower harvest and 2, 4 and 6 days after flower harvest. The various concentrations of ethyl methane sulphonate tested include 0.125, 0.25, 0.375 and 0.5 per cent. Two methods of mutagen treatments were tried ie. direct treatment and cotton swab method. In the direct treatment the axillary buds were subjected to EMS treatment at different periods treating the buds at the time of culturing, 2 days after culturing, 4 days after culturing and 6 days after culturing. In the cotton swab method buds were treated with EMS in the plant itself at various stages ie. at the time of flower harvest and 2,4 and 6 days after flower harvest. Surface sterilization of axillary buds was found to be most successful with mercuric chloride at 0.08 per cent for 15 minutes of the various levels of hormonal combinations tested BAP 2 mg/1 +2.4-D 1 mg/1 was found to be the best for culture establishment and BAP 2 mg /1 +GA 1mg/1 for shoot proliferation. Maximum rooting was obtained in full strength MS medium supplemented with IAA 2 mg/1 of the two methods of mutagen treatments tried direct treatment of axillary buds with EMS was not found to be effective as the buds turned brown and no further development occurred. In the cotton swab method, lower concentrations of EMS (0.125 and 0.25 per cent) gave a better performance based on days taken for bud take multiple shoot production and rooting percentage. A decrease in survival percentage was noted with increase in mutagen concentration. Higher concentration of EMS (0.375 and 0.5 per cent) curbed multiple shoot production in buds excised at the time of flower harvest and delayed multiple shoot production in other stages. The percentage cultures showing rooting and the number of roots/shoot also decreased with increase in concentration of EMS. Increase in maturity of buds also delayed multiple shoot production and decreased rooting percentage of the 4 stages of buds used for in vitro culture, buds excised at the time of flower harvest was found to be the best. But mutagen treatment retarded their performance. For mutagen treatment buds excised 4 days after flower harvest was found to be best followed by buds excised 2 days after flower harvest. Buds excised 6 days after flower harvest showed a poor performance in the normal and treated populations. The experiment clearly demonstrated that induced mutagenesis in rose can be successfully done adopting in vitro culture techniques.Item Bioecology and control of pests of rose(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1989) Vijayan Nair, V; Visalakshy, AThe distribution of the major insect and mite pests of rose in Trivandrum taluk and the damages caused by them were studied in a survey . The survey was conducted in six locations in the taluk (Kowdiar, Paruthippara, Karamana, Palkulangara, Vanchiyoor and Vellayani) at monthly intervals for a period of 13 months starting from August 1986, adopting standard sampling techniques . The results of the survey revealed that the major pests of rose in the area were the thrips, R. Syriacus, S. dorsalis, the scale A. aurantii, the leaf feeding beetles Adoretus spp and the mites, T. neocaledonicus and T.cinnabarinus. The mean levels of population /damage found during the period of the survey showed that T.neocaledonicus was the most important pest in all the locations and it caused more than 50 percent of the plants damaged in some locations. It was followed by Adoretus spp, A. aurantii, R. syriacus, S.dorsalis and T.cinnabarinus in a descending order of importance with apparent variations in pest status at different locations. An overall assessment of the seasonal incidence of the pests revealed that the thrips and mites were seen in serious proportions during the months of December to May and the beetles caused heavier damage from November to January whereas the scale insect was seen damaging the plants throughout the year. Between the population of thrips and mites and maximum temperature there was significant positive association. While the relative humidity and number of rainy days showed significant negative correlation. Rainfall also had significant negative correlation with the thrips and mites, but it was statistically insignificant in the case of T.cinnabarinus only. The nature of damage caused by various pests of rose was studied in detail. It was seen that the thrips, mites and the scales were causing serious damage to leaves causing its drying and withering. The other sucking pests and the defoliators noted were of minor importance except the leaf beetles Adoretus spp which was found to cause serious defoliation of the of the plants. The investigation on the biology of R.syriacus on the rose showed that the life cycle was completed in 16.9days. When they were reared on castor and subabul the duration and size of various stages were same as those of rose while those reared on cassava were bigger in size and the life cycle was shorter. The experiments on chemical control of pests of rose showed that monocrotophos, dimethoate or fenthion at 0.05percent spray was effective in controlling the different spices of pests . But in the case of flower bud damage caused by S.dorsalis, a higher concentration of 0.1 per cent of the insecticides was necessary for getting proper control.Item Evaluation of selected underutilized flowers of Kerala for commercial exploitation(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Sameera Sharief; Sudhadevi, P KFloriculture industry is unique among agricultural industries where novelty is an important attribute. World floriculture is expanding rapidly and new innovations and introductions are in great demand to feed the ever hungry market needs. It is in this interest that neglected or underutilized flower crop species (NUS) comes to the picture from which we could identify and develop diversified uses of floriculture. Even the present day top charactered crops of the industry are nothing but just derived and developed only from wild germplasm resourses, the most prominent among them being rose, chrysanthemum, carnation, gerbera and what not, the orchids and anthurium. Thirteen underutilized plants of Kerala were evaluated for use as cut flowers, dry flower, for essential oil extraction and pigment extraction and identification of components in their essential oils and pigments using GC-MS by conducting both field studies as well as postharvest studies. Out of the 10 plants selected for studying their use as cut flower, none were found suitable. Five plants were selected for their suitability for dry flower production. Among them, Cassia fistula got the highest cumulative score followed byAntigonon leptopus,Calicopteris floribunda and Barleria obtusa. Least cumulative score was obtained for Clerodendrum paniculatum. In Antigonon leptopus and Clerodendrum paniculatum best method of drying was microwave oven drying. Press drying was selected as the best method for Barleria obtusa and Calicopteris floribunda. Embedded drying was found the most suitable method of drying in Cassia fistula. The fragrant flowers selected for extraction of essential oils were Gardenia jasminoides, Plumeria spp and Quisqualis indica.Maximum essential oil yield was observed in Gardenia jasminoides (0.61%). The components in the essential oils were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In Gardenia jasminoides the components identified were Ascalbin (0.7%), Nonadecane (0.80%), Dendaralasine (0.96%), Alpha famesene (1.12%), Linalool (1.38%), Beta famesene (2.75%), Famesene (3.04%), Henecosane (5.26 %), n-Tricosane (6.91%), n-octacosane (10.43%), Pentacosane (13.19%), Monoethylhexyl phthalate (44.74 %). The volatile components identified in Plumeria were α-Farnesene (1.08%), Benzoic acid, [(E,E)-3,7,11-trimethyl- 2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-yl] ester (1.08%), 1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7, 11- dimethyl- 3- methylene-E(1.17%), Cyclohexasiloxane, dodeca methyl (1.92%). Phenyl ethyl alcohol (2.20%), 1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene, 3,7,11-trimethyl-(Z,E)(2.93%), Oxalic acid, decyl 2-phenyl ethyl ester (4.3%), Triphenyl phosphare (4.3%), Heptacosane (6.32%), Nonacosane(6.40%) and Z-14-Nonacosane (6.40%) and Z-14- Nonacosane(11.65%). The components responsible for fragrance in Quisqualis indica were 2 H- Pyran-3-ol, 6-ethenyl tetra hydro-2,2,6-trimethyl(1.24%), Heptacosane (1.44%), Cyclotetra siloxane, octamethyl (1.95), Triphenyl phosphate (2.30%), Nonacosane(2.89%) and 5-Isoquinoline carbonitr (12.5%). The flowers selected for extraction of pigments were Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Cassia fistula, Clerodendrum paniculatum and Delonix regia. Two methods of extraction selected were solvent extraction after fermentation and solvent extraction after pretreatment with NaOH. In the entire species pigment yield was higher for solvent extraction after pretreatment. Highest oleoresin yield was observed in Clerodendrum paniculatum (0.60g), which was followed by Delonix regia (0.5g) and Cassia fistula(0.39). The lowest yield was observed in Caesalpinia pulcherrima (0.38g). After fermentation, Clerodendrum paniculatum gave highest oleoresin yield (0.43g). This was followed by Delonix regia(0.4g), Cassia fistula(0.3g) and Caesalpinia pulcherrima(0.28g). Highest carotenoid yield was observed in Cassia fistula (70.04mg/ 100 g) and highest anthocyanin yield was in Clerodendrum paniculatum (574.76mg/100g)). In Caesalpinia pulcherima carotenoid content was recorded as 15.35mg/100g and anthocyanin 488.75mg/100g. Anthocyanin yield of Cassia fistula was 0.35mg. Clerodendrum paniculatum recorded 2.98mg of carotenoid. Delonix regia recorded carotenoid and anthocyanin yield of 60.2 mg and 510 mg respectively. In the present study none of flowers were found suitable for use as cut flower. Out of the 5 plants selected for studying for use as dry flower, Cassia fistulawas the most suitable one. All the species selected for essential oil extraction were suitable for the purpose .In pigment extraction, highest oleoresin yield was observed in Clerodendrum paniculatum (0.60g), which is followed by Delonix regia (0.5g) and Cassia fistula(0.39). Future line of work suggested in this aspect based on the light of results are evaluation of more underutilized ornamental flowers available in our locality with a view of their commercialisation for specific traits and further evaluation of extracted pigments for their use in food industry.Item Multivariate clustering techniques- a comparison based on rose (rosa spp.)(Department of Agricultural Statistics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Arya V Chandran; Vijayaraghava KumarItem Evaluation of rose varieties for commercial cultivation under the warm humid tropics of Kerala(Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Priya Philip; Mini SankarItem Characterisation and genetic improvement in rose (Rosa spp.) through mutagenesis(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2017) Brunda, S M; Lekha Rani, CItem Effect of nutrition on the establishment and bud take in budded roses(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1986) Ushakumari, S; Ramachandran Nair, SItem Identification of molecular markers for developing breeding strategies in rose(Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2007) Cinu Sebastian; Rajendran, PRose, one of the most important flowering ornamentals is a favourite for landscaping and an important commercial cut flower. Breeders are always looking for new and novel varieties to meet the ever increasing demand of consumers. However, many years are required to develop a new variety through conventional methods. Many desirable roses are female sterile and hence pose a real limitation to breeding. Developing a molecular marker that can readily identify a female parent can go a long way to avoid unproductive hybrids. Premature abortion of developing embryos resulting in few or no viable seeds is another major set back. The present investigation entitled ‘Identification of molecular markers for developing breeding strategies in rose’ was held out at this context at the Centre of Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (CPBMB) with the aim of determining a molecular marker and attempting embryo rescue of rose. Fifty rose varieties were selected based on morphological characters viz., seed setting ability. Variations in foliar characters of plants were recorded. Genomic DNA extraction from tender leaves of rose plants using Roger and Bendich’s method (1994) with slight modification was found to be the best. Out of fifty-one primers screened four primers belonging to OPAA 2 , C 4, C 15 and C19 were identified as the best. Molecular characterization by RAPD assay generated a total of 331 amplification products. Some bands were specific or prominent to the group. The clustering of sterile and fertile varieties mostly into two separate clusters indicated their similarity at the genetic level. Further studies have to be conducted by increasing the number of primers used, for identification of fertility status of more varieties. In view of the problems faced by breeders regarding unproductive hybrids, an attempt was made for embryo rescue. Surface sterilization of hips with 0.1 per cent mercuric chloride was standardized. The pollen fertility was assessed by acetocarmine staining and mean fertility was observed to be 74.6 per cent. The poor response of germination observed for achenes was due to both physical and chemical restriction on the embryo. Effect of media type and combination of growth regulators were assessed. A high germination rate was observed in cultures incubated for two weeks in dark and subsequently transferred to light. Inoculation media with BA and IAA and subculturing media with BA and NAA combined with low salt concentration (half MS) was found to give maximum response. Further trials can lead to the identification of a definite protocol for regeneration.