1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment of kunthipuzha sub-watershed using swat and rusle
    (Department of irrigation and drainage engineering, KCAET, Tavanur, 2023-02-02) Fathima Farsana
    The two essential fundamental natural resources for the existence of life are soil and water. Soil erosion is an environmental crisis in the world today that threatens the natural environment and also agriculture. Erosion removes the top fertile soil, degrades soil fertility, water quality and soil productivity. Almost 119.2 M-ha area out of 328 M-ha of geographical area is severely eroded in India (NBSS & LUP, 2005). The soil erosion risk assessment is helpful for land evaluation in the regions where soil erosion is a major threat for sustainable agriculture. Field studies for prediction and assessment of soil erosion are expensive and time-consuming. Soil erosion models are able to take into account many of the complex interactions that affect the rate of soil loss or erosion and are capable of simulating erosion processes in watersheds. There are several types of models like empirical, semi-empirical, and physical models. One of the extensively used empirical models to forecast soil erosion caused by water loss is the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. Among different physical models, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is widely used to predict soil erosion and sediment yield in the watersheds. The main objective of the study was to find the water balance components, soil erosion and sediment yield of Kunthipuzha sub-watershed using SWAT, soil erosion and erosion prone areas using RUSLE and to compare model results with observed data and to estimate the Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR). SWAT model was simulated for a period of 32 years (1990-2021). Global sensitivity analysis of the model was done using the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm in SWAT-CUP. SWAT model was calibrated for discharge as well as sediment yield. The calibration was done for the period of 21 years from 1990 to 2014, and validation was done for a period of 3 years from 2015 to 2017. Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and R² for the calibration period was 0.77 and 0.86, and for the validation period it was 0.75 and 0.81 respectively for discharge. In case of sediment yield, NSE and R² for the calibration period were 0.79 and 0.88, whereas for the validation period it was 0.76 and 0.82 respectively. During the years of study, the outflow from the watershed is mainly in the form of surface runoff (ranges between 43 to 54%) and ground water flow (24 to 34%). From the soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and SWAT models, average annual soil loss was estimated to be 8.865 and 8.1 t ha −1 y −1 respectively. Sediment yield estimated from the outlet (Sub-basin 27) is 3.9 t ha −1 y −1 . Both in RUSLE and SWAT, major area of the basin is in slight erosion category (5-10 t ha −1 y −1 ). In SWAT, sub-Basins 2, 3, 4 and 7 in the North-eastern region comes under very severe erosion category (> 40 t ha −1 y −1 ). Since most of the watershed (around 70% area) comes under slight erosion category, soil erosion can be controlled by practicing agronomical measures. In the moderate erosion risk areas (around 9.35%), contour bunds and terraces are suggested. The SDR obtained for the entire watershed was very low (0.01 to 0.036), which indicate that even though more amount of soil gets eroded from some of the sub-basins, it gets deposited at intermediate locations before reaching the Pulamanthole gauging station. Analysis using both the models shows that the North-Eastern area of the watershed (Mannarkkad, Pottasserry, Puthupariyaaram etc.) experience more erosion, and hence more soil conservation measures need to be adopted in this region. Both models gave similar trend of spatial variation of soil erosion qualitatively and quantitively and less deviation from the observed sediment data. The result obtained is helpful for giving recommendations for proper soil conservation measures in the area
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    Investigaiton on extraction of starch from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) stem
    (Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Hasmi Sulain, K K; Saravanan Raju
    The study entitled “Investigation on extraction of starch from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) stem” was carried out at the Division of Crop Utilization, ICAR- Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram during the year 2018- 2019. Cassava stem starch is an ideal source to increase the availability of starch without using additional land, water and fertilizers. Hence understanding the structural and functional properties of stem starch is an important aspect before substituting with root starch because there is a lack of knowledge of starch properties when compared to root starch. In this study, starch from cassava stem were extracted by four different methods such as extraction using water, extraction using chemicals such as Sodium hydroxide and sodium meta bi sulphate, microwave assisted extraction and ultra sound assisted extraction. The cassava genotypes suitable for extraction of starch from stem and functional properties of this stem starches were investigated. In the present study, the physiological characters of such as stem length, stem girth, stem fresh weight and stem dry weight and stem moisture content were measured in the selected genotypes of cassava. The results showed that stem length of cassava ranges from 100-300cm and the stem girth ranges from 2.5-8cm. The fresh weight and dry weight of cassava stem ranges from 0.4-2Kg and 0.2-0.7Kg respectively.The moisture content of cassava stem varies from 62-72% but the moisture content was less than 2% in all stem starches. The swelling volume was same for all the stem starches (15ml) and the solubility was less than 10%. Starches with high swelling volume and solubility and low gelatinization temperature has various applications in food industry. The water binding capacity varied from 46.09% to 77.50% for different cassava stem starches. The in vitro starch digestibility of cassava stem starches ranges from 0.1-0.3 g/g. The starch yield from cassava stem ranges from 17% to 30% and the starch content was found to be 38-55% on dry weight basis. The starch yield was found to be maximum for H-1687 and minimum for Quintal. 64 The peroxidase content in cassava stem starches ranges from 0.05-0.13ng/mg and the poly phenol oxidase content ranges from 10-30mg/g. Both this enzyme content was found to be lowest in Black Thailand and maximum for Sree Swarna and Quintal. It was found that extraction using ultra sound and micro wave assistance could increase the extractability of starch from cassava stem and the genotypes H1687 and H-226 was found to be high starch yielding varieties and thus it could be used for the extraction of starch from cassava stem. Cassava stem contain more than 30% of starch (dry mass), hence the wasted cassava stem starch can be utilized for both food and non-food applications. More over cassava can increase both food and fuel resources where cassava roots are for food and stems for fuel and even reduce poverty without using additional land.