1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Standardisation of seed biopriming for seedling establishment, growth, yield and nutritional characters in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 0022-02-01) Diya Amreen; Beena RThe present study entitled “Standardisation of seed biopriming for seedling establishment, growth, yield and nutritional characters in tomato Solanum lycopersicum L.). was conducted in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala during 2020-21. The objective of this study was to standardize the biopriming methods in tomato for germination, seedling vigour, yield and nutritional characteristics using three biopriming agents Trichoderma asperellum 106 spores mL-1and 108 spores mL-1), Pseudomonas flourescens 106 CFU mL-1 and 108 CFU mL-1) and Piriformospora indica 106 spores mL-1 and 108 spores mL-1) for one and two hours. The study was divided in to two experiments. Experiment I was conducted in Completely andomized Design C D) with fourteen treatments and three replications. During experiment I germination studies were conducted using roll towel method. Best three treatments were selected from experiment 1 based on the germination parameters. Experiment II was also conducted in Completely andomized Design with five treatments and four replications. The pot culture experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of these best three treatments on phenological, physiological, growth, quality, biomass and yield parameters. During experiment I, among various treatments employing T. asperellum, T2 T. asperellum 106 CFU mL-1 for two hours) recorded the highest germination percentage 88.67 ), shoot length 7.60 cm), root length 6.39 cm), shoot dry weight 0.92 mg), root dry weight 0.45 mg), seedling vigour index 1 1240.09), seedling vigour index II 121.30) and speed of germination 7.28). On biopriming with P. flourescens T8 P. flourescens 108 CFU mL-1 for two hours) reported the maximum germination percentage 86.67 ), shoot length 7.56 cm), root length 7.63 cm), shoot dry weight 0.91 mg), root dry weight 0.45 mg), seedling vigour index 1 1316.26), seedling vigour index II 117.54) and speed of germination 7.23). On biopriming with P. indica maximum germination percentage 91.33 ), shoot length 7.67 cm), root length 7.82 cm), shoot dry weight 0.97 mg), root dry weight 0.54 mg), seedling vigour index 1 1414.73), seedling vigour index II 137.46) and speed of germination 7.68) was obtained from seeds bioprimed with P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour. Based on the above results the best three treatments selected were T. asperellum 106 CFU mL-1 for two hours T1), P. flourescens 108 CFU mL-1 for two hours T2) and P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour T3) along with appropriate control. Then pot culture experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of these three biopriming treatments on phenological, physiological, growth, quality, yield and biomass parameters. Among the phenological parameters days to first flowering and days to first fruiting was minimum in T3 P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour) 51.92 and 78.75 days respectively). Biopriming with P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour T3) recorded the maximum physiological and growth parameters including chlorophyll content 2.82 mg g-1 fresh weight), specific leaf area 3.96 m² g-1), crop growth rate 0.912 g m-2 day-1) and net assimilation rate 0.027 g m-2 day-1). Among the various quality parameters analyzed, there was no significant difference observed for TSS and soluble sugar content. Highest Lycopene content 2.81 mg g-1) and vitamin C 35.56 mg g-1) content was noted in T3 P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour). Highest titrable acidity 0.68 ) was recorded in T1 T. asperellum 106 CFU mL-1 for two hours). Plant height was also maximum in T3 P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour) during vegetative 80.20 cm) and flowering stages 127.37 cm). Biopriming with P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour recorded the maximum shoot dry weight 8.31g), root dry weight 0.97 g) and total dry weight 9.28 g). There was no significant difference observed in root shoot ratio. The yield parameters including number of fruits per plant 7.25 ), fruit set percentage 56.78 ), average fruit weight 36.60 g) and yield per plant 263.56 g) was maximum in T3 P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour).The intensity of fruit drop 4.96 ) was minimum in T3 P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour). Biopriming is reported to have exerted significant influence on the growth, yield and nutritional characters of tomato. Among various biopriming agents P. indica 106 CFU mL-1 for one hour outperformed T. asperellum and P. flourescens in improving phenological, physiological, growth, quality, biomass and yield parameters. Thus being an eco-friendly technique, the farmers can adopt biopriming with P. indica as a great alternative for conventional chemical seed treatments.Item Physiological and molecular studies in mitigating drought stress of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) by biochar with organic amendments(Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2022-11-09) Anjusha, P; Viji, M MThe study entitled “Physiological and molecular studies in mitigating drought stress of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) by biochar with organic amendments” was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, during 2021-2022. The primary objective of this study was to determine the physiological and molecular attributes of tomato grown under water stress as influenced by biochar with organic amendments. The experiment on tomato variety ‘Vellayani Vijay’ was conducted in a completely randomized design in pot culture with five replications. In order to assess the effect of biochar (BC) (0.5% w/w) and organic amendments such as vermicompost (VC) and farm yard manure (FYM) in mitigating the consequences of water stress, individual treatments viz. (Biochar (0.5% w/w), VC (50g/10kgsoil) and FYM (50g/10kg soil)) as well as combined treatments viz. ((Biochar+VC) and (Biochar+FYM)) were carried out along with T1 control (normal irrigated condition) and T7 control (water stress). The study consisted of 12 treatments, in which T1 to T6 were irrigated normally whereas treatments designated as T7 to T12 were subjected to 25% water stress. The present study was carried out using biochar derived from rice husk that was subjected to maximum pyrolysis temperature of 550°C in a cylindrical iron tank. Water stress of 25% was imposed by gravimetric method for a period of 80 days (after three weeks of sowing). The seedlings were maintained in protected condition for the first three weeks. Various morpho-physiological and yield parameters were evaluated at different critical stages of the crop, such as seedling stage, vegetative stage, flowering stage, fruiting stage and harvesting stage. Molecular studies were carried out at 50% flowering stage. Water stress had a negative impact on morphological, physiological and yield attributes of S. lycopersicum except total soluble solids, when compared to plants under normal irrigated condition. Biochar treatment was found to effectively mitigate the deleterious impacts of water stress. Plants treated with biochar outperformed the plants grown in both VC and FYM with regard to all the physiological and morphological parameters studied. However the best yield performance (yield and yield parameters) was obtained in the treatment with 124 biochar in combination with vermicompost. According to the results obtained it was clear that the combined application of biochar and vermicompost increased the relative water content, membrane stability index, chlorophyll stability index, photosynthetic rate, total protein content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, plant height and primary branches per plant under both water stress and normally irrigated conditions when compared to the non-treated controls. This indicates the ability of biochar to retain water and thereby increasing soil moisture content. Furthermore, under water stress, there was a significant improvement in the morphological traits such as, root weight (57.07%), shoot weight (33.33%), root: shoot ratio (17.91%), fruit number (43.54%), fruit size (69.93%), fruit weight (13.10%), total soluble solids (10.32%) and yield (62.42%). SlWRKY8 gene has an important role under drought stress conditions and is reported to have role in the regulation of ROS pathways and mitigating the detrimental effects in plants grown under water stress condition. In the present study, quantitative real time PCR amplification of SlWRKY8 gene in tomato leaves (taken at 50% flowering stage) showed an increase in the expression level of this gene in the treatments with combined application of biochar and vermicompost, both under water stress condition (T11) (3.24 fold) and normal irrigated condition (T5) (1.51 fold) compared to their respective controls (T7 and T1). This indicates that BC and VC combinations can be applied to tomato plants grown under water stress for the upregulation of SlWRKY8 genes which regulate the ABA signaling and helps in ABA-mediated stomatal closure in water stress condition. Taken together, the study demonstrate that, the combined application of vermicompost and biochar not only boost crop production, but also mitigate the destructive impacts of water stress by influencing physiological, morphological and molecular parameters of tomato.Item Characterization of resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes against whitefly (Bemisia tabaci genn.)(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2023-02-23) Kattumulla Tejaswee.; Ranjith, M T: Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum (Mill.), is one of the most popular vegetables cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In India, it has been cultivated across an area of 841 thousand ha, with a production of 20.38 metric tonnes (Statista, 2022). However, tomato production is hindered by various abiotic and biotic factors and among the biotic factors, the polyphagous sucking insect pest, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) causes both direct and indirect damage and yield loss to the tune of 25-100 per cent (Mutisya et al., 2016). Both nymphs and adults of B. tabaci feed on phloem sap and devitalizes the tomato plants and also serves as a vector for the causal organism of tomato leaf curl virus disease. To manage the whitefly menace in tomato, farmers rely heavily on chemical insecticides. However, the polyphagous nature of the insect as well as its innate ability to develop resistance to insecticides makes the management of the pest all the more difficult. Exploiting host plant resistance could be an alternative tool to manage whitefly infestation in tomatoes. Thus, the present study entitled “Characterization of resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes against whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn)” was undertaken in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur during 2021-2022. 50 tomato genotypes obtained from different institutes viz., IARI, IIHR, NBPGR, KAU, TNAU and local collections were screened for whitefly resistance under polyhouse conditions. The tomato genotypes showed significant variation with respect to eggs, nymphal and adult populations of whitefly. The mean (pooled) number of eggs per plant varied between 1.63 and 7.28 eggs/cm2 and within the plants, the highest mean number of eggs was recorded on the top leaves (8.20 eggs/cm2), followed by the middle leaves (7.40 eggs/cm2), and the bottom leaves (6.30 eggs/cm2). Whereas, the mean (pooled) number of nymphs per plant varied from 1.45 to 7.41 nymphs/cm2 and within the plant, the highest number of nymphs was observed on the middle canopy (6.53 nymphs/cm2) followed by upper (5.84 nymphs/cm2) and bottom (4.62 nymphs/ cm2) parts of the canopy. However, the mean (pooled) number of adult whiteflies per plant ranged from 1.68 to 7.19 adults/ cm2 and within the plant, the highest number of adults were recorded on the upper canopy (8.20 adults/ cm2), followed by middle (7.20 adults/ cm2) and the bottom (5.90 adults/ cm2). Further, the genotypes were categorized based on scale given by Pradhan (1964). Three genotypes LC Idukki, LC Palakkad and EC 519806 which recorded the mean population of active stages of whitefly <3.67/ cm2 come under the resistant category, whereas eleven genotypes with a mean population ranging from 3.67 to 5.57 were categorised as moderately resistant. Sixteen genotypes were classified under the moderately susceptible category with a mean population ranging from 5.57 to 7.46, whereas 18 genotypes with a mean population >7.46 were considered as the highly susceptible category. The leaf area damage due to the feeding activity of whitefly, which results in the degradation of chlorophyll was measured indirectly in terms of the hue value of scanned photographic images of the leaves represented as integrated densities. The tomato genotypes classified under the resistant category recorded a low hue value ranging from 47 to 53, whereas in the susceptible genotypes, the hue value reached up to 99.5. Morphological characters like the type, length and density of trichome, and leaf lamina thickness were analyzed. Observation of the trichome type revealed that LC Idukki and LC Palakkad possessed three types of trichome i.e., type IV (glandular), type V (nonglandular), and VI (glandular). The length of the non-glandular trichome (Type V) present in the tomato genotypes varied from 513.10 μm to 1475.05 μm. The non-glandular trichome and glandular trichome densities recorded in the tomato genotypes ranged between 30.5 to 74.5 per mm2 and 5.50 to 98.00 per mm2, respectively. Leaf lamina thickness was measured and it ranged from 233.20 μm to 440.5 μm. There was a significant positive correlation between the whitefly population and the parameters such as nonglandular trichome density, leaf lamina thickness and length of trichome. However, a significant negative correlation exists between and glandular trichome density and whitefly population and it is presumed that the trichome type IV and VI present in the genotypes confers resistance to whitefly infestation. The biochemical parameters such as relative leaf water content (91.16 %), and total amino acid content (3.58 mg g-1) were found to be low, whereas, the total phenol (4.56 mg/ g), total flavonoid (1.82 𝜇𝑔 gˉ¹), and total alkaloid content (0.59 mg g-1) were significantly higher in resistant genotype LC Idukki. It was found that there was a significant positive correlation between the whitefly population and parameters such as relative water content and total amino acid content, whereas a significant negative correlation was observed between the whitefly population and parameters such as total phenol, flavonoid and alkaloid contents. Based on the present investigation, LC Idukki, LC Palakkad and EC 519806 may be rated as resistant to whitefly. The studies also show that resistance could be mediated by the type, density and length of leaf trichomes, along with leaf lamina thickness. It also indicated that the resistance in tomato to whitefly could be related to biochemical constituents of the plant, which, however, need to be confirmed. Sustained efforts could lead to the development of whitefly resistant tomato genotypes, providing the muchneeded edge to whitefly management in tomatoes.Item Organic nutrient scheduling in wicking bed system for tomato(Solanum lycopersicum (L.)) in homesteads(Department of agronomy, college of agriculture ,Vellayani, 2023-09-04) Ashish Koshy, George; Bindhu, J SItem Fertigation for precision farming in tomato (Solanum Iycopersicum L.)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, vellayani, 2016) Amala, J; Elizabeth K SyriacThe investigation entitled “Fertigation for precision farming in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was carried out at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2015-2016 to standardize a fertigation schedule for precision farming in tomato and to assess the impact of precision farming practices on growth and yield and also to work out the economics. The field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2015 (February to June) in farmer’s field at Pirappancode, Thiruvananthapuram district. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with eight treatment combinations and two controls, with four replications. Four levels of nutrients (l1- 75 per cent RD of N and K, l2- 100 per cent RD of N and K, l3- 125 per cent RD of N and K, l4- 150 per cent RD of N and K) constituted the main plot treatments and two fertigation intervals (i1- fertigation once in four days, i2- fertigation once in eight days) constituted the sub plot treatments. The two control treatments were, control 1 (KAU ad hoc POP for precision farming) and Control 2 (KAU POP for conventional farming). The hybrid tomato Lakshmi grafted on wild brinjal was used for the study. Among different nutrient levels, l3 (125 per cent RD of N and K) recorded the highest DMP (219.42 g plant-1), number of fruits plant-1(33.67), fruit set percentage (62.77) , fruit yield (1.54 kg plant-1 and 42.36 t ha-1) and was significantly superior to other nutrient levels tested. Fertigation at four days interval (i1) recorded the highest LAI, DMP (224.21 g plant-1), number of fruits plant-1 (35.53), fruit set percentage (60.74) and fruit yield (1.61 kg plant-1 and 44.25 t ha-1) and was significantly superior to i2 (fertigation at eight days interval). Moisture studies indicated that both WUE and water productivity significantly varied with nutrient levels and fertigation intervals. The highest WUE (40.62 kg ha mm-1) and water productivity (5.26 kg ha mm-1) were observed at 125 per cent RD of N and K. Fertigation at four days interval (i1) registered significantly higher WUE and water productivity than i2. Application of 125 per cent RD of N and K (l3) recorded the highest root weight of 10.27 g and the highest root volume of 26.58 cm3 and was statistically on par with 150 and 100 per cent RD of N and K. The treatment i1 was significantly superior to i2 for all root characteristics. Uptake of N, P and K varied significantly with nutrient levels and fertigation intervals. The treatment l3 recorded the highest N, P and K uptake and it was statistically on par with l4. Fertigation at four days interval (i1) was significantly superior to i2, in nutrient uptake. Among different interactions, 125 per cent RD of N and K at 4 days interval (l3i1) registered the highest DMP (245.28 g plant-1) and was statistically on par with 150 per cent RD of N and K at four days interval (l4i1). Also, l3i1 recorded the highest fruit yield (1.92 kg plant-1 and 52.70 t ha-1) and number of pickings (7.33) and was significantly superior to other interactions studied. Economics of the study showed that l3i1 (125 per cent RD of N and K at four days interval) registered the highest net income of ₹ 6,61,515 ha-1 and B:C ratio of 2.69 and it was significantly superior to all other interactions. KAU ad hoc POP for precision farming (Control 1) was significantly superior to KAU POP for conventional farming (Control 2), for all growth attributes, yield attributes and yield. The treatment combination 125 per cent RD of N and K given as fertigation at four days interval (l3i1) was superior to control 1 and control 2 with respect to yield attributes, yield and economics. Based on the results of the present field investigation, it can be concluded that application of 125 per cent RD of N and K (93.75 kg N and 31.25 kg K ha-1) as urea and muriate of potash respectively, in 30 splits through fertigation at four days interval along with basal application of FYM @ 25 t ha-1 and P @ 40 kg ha-1 as rock phosphate is the best schedule for hybrid tomato under precision farming.Item Investigations for the development of electrostatic pollinator(Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2019) Rinju lukose; Dhalin, DItem Crop weather simulation model in tomato (solanum lycopersicum L.)(Department of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Navyasree, S; Ajithkumar, BItem Aloe vera based edible film coating for shelf life extension in tomato (solanum iycopersicum)(Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Thushara T Chandran; Mini, C