1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Susceptibility of ducks to newcastle disease virus (NDV) and their role in the transmission of the disease to chicken
    (Department of veterinary and Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1981) Sudharma, D; Sulochana, S
    The susceptibility of ducks to Newcastle disease virus and their possible role in the epizootiology of this disease were investigated. Cloacal and throat swabs and sera were collected from clinically normal as well as diseased ducks from different parts of Kerala. The swabs were tested for virus excertion by inoculating into the allantoic cavity of 10 day embryonated chicken eggs and the sera were examined for the presence of haemagglutination inhibition antibodies. Eight and one week – old ducklings were infected experimentally by different routes or methods to find out their susceptibility to this virus. A virulent strain of the virus received from Veterinary Biological Institute, Palode was employed for all experimental infection studies. Two week – old chickens were used for determining contact transmission. Inoculation of processed cloacal and throat swabs into the allantoic cavity of 10 day embryonated eggs resulted in the isolation of eleven haemagglutinating viruses from a total of 151 samples. The agglutination produced by these viruses were inhibited by specific ND antiserum, thereby confirming their identity as Newcastle disease virus. Out of a total of 226 serum samples collected from ducks, 34 showed HI antibodies ranging from 1:20 to 1:160 in the titre. Eight week – old ducklings infected intranasally and intraocularly showed symptoms of ND by third day of infection but recovered by the seventh day. All of them excreted the virus either through trachea, cloaca or by both the routes. Haemagglutination inhibition antibodies were demonstrable within two weeks of infection. The chickens kept in contact with the infected ducklings died after showing specific symptoms of newcastle disease. Postmortem examination revealed specific lesions and virus could be isolated from pooled tissue samples. Week – old ducklings could successfully be infected by intranasal/intraocular, subcutaneous, intramuscular or by contact infection. All the ducklings exposed to infection died after showing symptoms of pneumoencephalitis and diarrhoea. Virus was isolated from seventeen out of twenty five cases. Chickens placed in contact with subcutaneously infected ducklings died showing specific symptoms and lesions in ND and virus could be isolated from all the cases. The eight week – old ducklings although showed a clinical infection they could eventually recover following the development of antibodies in the system. Hence ducklings of eight weeks and above could be considered as resistant to newcastle disease virus infection. On the contrary week – old ducklings readily succumbed to the infection indicating their grater susceptibility. Contact transmission to chickens was possible from both age group of ducklings. The isolation of virus from clinically normal and diseased ducks showed that ducks excrete the virus without showing any clinical symptoms. It is also possible that some ducklings may show symptoms of the disease, but the development of antibody in the system leads to complete elimination of the virus. The results and the observation of the present study indicate that ducks can play an important role in the epizootiology of Newcastle disease by contracting infection from infected chicken or from other susceptible species and transmitting it to the incontact susceptible chicken.
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    Properties of milk fat of crossbred goats
    (Department of Dairy Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1981) Baby George; Subrahmanyam, M
    An investigation was carried out to determine some of the physical and chemical properties of the milk fat of crossbred goats viz. Alpine x Malabari and Saanen x Malabari. A total of 183 milk samples were collected from six each of the two different crossbred goats and out of this 65 samples were used for determination of the size of the milk fat globules. The various fat constants were determined by analyse of ghee prepared by direct heating of cream separated out from the collected milk samples. The average size of the milk fat globule of Alpine x Malabari and Saanen x Malabari was 2.556+ 0.110 and 2.702 + 0.038 microns respectively. The average value obtained for the melting point of Alpine and Saanen crossbred goats’ milk fat was 31.07 + 0.160 C and 31.36 + 0.130 C respectively. The Alpine crossbred goats’ milk fat gave a refractive index of 1.4568 + 0.0001 and an iodine number of 24.95 + 0.28, whereas the corresponding values obtained for the milk fat of Saanen x Malabari goats were 1.4569 + 0.0001 and 25.09 + 0.35. The Reichert-Meisal(RM) number and polensite value obtained for the milk fat or Alpine x Malabari goats were 28.14 + 0.18 and 3.52 + 0.15 respectively. The corresponding values for the Saanen crossbred goats’ milk fat were 28.61 + 0.15 and 3.64 + 0.12 respectively. The Alpine x Malabari and Saanen x Malabari goat milk fat gave an average saponification value of 235.1 + 0.7 and 234.6 + 1.1 respectively. On statistical analysis of the data it has been found that there was no significant difference between the size of the fat soluble and the various other physical and chemical constituents of milk fat of the two groups of crossbred goats. Towards the end of the lactation highly significant increased was noticed in the melting point, refractive index, iodine number, Reichert-Meisal number and polensite value and decrease in the size of the milk fat globule and saponification value of the milk fat of both the Alpine x Malabari and Saanen x Malabari goats.
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    Lipid transfer in chicken ovary
    (Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1981) Mathew Thomas; Ramakrishnapillai, M G
    The formation of an egg in the avian reproductive tract is a complex phenomenon. The exact mechanisms involved in the transfer of lipids synthesized in the liver and transported by blood to the ovary are not quite well understood. Hence this investigation was undertaken to study the various aspects of lipid transfer in relation to egg yolk formation. Ten numbers each of clinically healthy White Leghorn female birds of five different age groups (30 – 54- days, 70 – 74 – days, 100 – 104 – days, 129 – 133 – days and 223 – 227 – days – old) were selected at random, for the study and reared under standard farm conditions. Another group of 40 White Leghorn pullets (100 – 104 – days – old) were also selected at random and divided into four different groups of ten each. The first group of birds received stilbestrol dipropionate (SD), second group SD and progesterone (PG), the third group SD, PG, and testosterone dipropionate (TD) and the fourth group received olive oil alone for ten days consecutively. Blood serum, ovary and liver were collected from all the birds slaughtered by decapitation. Total lipid content in liver and ovary were determined by the method of Meynard and Joslyn (1970) and that in the serum, after extraction with ether and methyl alcohol. Phospholipid was estimated by adopting the method of King and Wootten (1959) and the total cholesterol by the method of Zak (1957). The growing birds recorded a progressive increase in phospholipids in the ovary, liver and blood serum. But the pullets treated with exogenous sex hormones did not show any significant increase in the level of phospholipids in the ovary while that in the liver and blood serum were high. The cholesterol level in the ovary, liver and bloods serum were high. The cholesterol level in the ovary, liver and blood serum were high in the different growing birds. But, here also, the cholesterol content in the ovary did not reveal any significant increase in level in pullets treated with different combinations of hormones, but that in the serum and liver were elevated. However, in the case of total lipids, the ovary, liver and blood serum in the case of all categories of birds showed a significantly higher content as age advanced and on the administration of hormones. The synthesis of lipids by the liver is increased in response to increasing levels of hormones as a result of growth and development of the birds. The lipids, synthesized in the liver, are distributed by the circulating blood to all the tissues, including the ovaries. The increase in concentration of lipids in the ovary as the birds grew older is due to the increased lipogenesis in the liver and their augmented transport by the blood. However, the pullets under the influence of exogenous sex hormones exhibited a different response. In the case of phospholipids and cholesterol the ovarian levels were low while in the liver and serum the values were high. The low levels of these components in the ovary may be due to the lesser ovarian activity induced by the operation of the negative feed – back mechanism between the pituitary and the sex steroids administered. But this does not hold good in the case of total lipids in the ovary of pullets receiving sex hormones. Here the level was high as in the case of liver and serum indicating a total absence of the operation of the negative feed – back mechanism. This calls forth further studies to enlighten the phenomenon.
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    Studies on growth response, feed efficiency and carcas characteristics of pigs reared up to different market weight on two dietary treatments
    (Department of Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1977) Ramachandran, P; Sivaraman, E
    A detailed investigation was carried out to study the growth rate, feed efficiency, carcass quality and economics of production of fattening pigs maintained on two dietary treatments differing in protein levels and reared upto three different body weights. Thirtysix weaner pigs of Large White Yorkshire breed belonging to the University Pig Breeding Farm, Mannuthy were distributed under two dietary treatments and divided into three groups 1, 11 and 111 of six animals each, the animals in the three groups being slaughtered at body weights of 55, 70 and 85 kg.respectively. Higher dietary protein level of 18 per cent promoted better weight gains in pigs during the initial period of their growth. Lowering of protein level in the finishing ration reduced the weight gain and feed efficiency of the animals. A dietary protein level of 16 per cent throughout the feeding period brought about linear increase in overall average daily gain at all body weights studied. Though the protein level does not seem to influence any of the carcass characteristics studied, the dressing percentage, carcass length, backfat thickness and eyemuscle area are positively correlated with body weights under both the dietary treatments. Fat constants are not affected either by protein levels or by live weights. The overall results obtained during the course of the present investigation indicate that the unit cost of production of fattening pigs is least at 55 kg live weight on the dietary treatment A having 18 – 16 – 14 per cent protein and at 85 kg live weight on the dietary treatment B having 16 per cent protein level throughout.
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    Survey on the incidence of salmonellae in meat animals
    (Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1977) James, P C; Abdulla, P K
    Prior to this “Survey on the Incidence of Salmonellae in Meat Animals” the information on the serotypes of Salmonella prevalent and the magnitude of their occurrence in livestock in Kerala had been meagre except for the reports by Sulochana et al. (1973) and Balakrishna Pillai (1975). The work carried out during the present investigation has gathered more information on the prevalence of Salmonella in livestock in Kerala. In this study the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes in the different species of animals was probed. A total of 823 biomaterials, besides 50 drain samples were subjected to cultural screening. This venture resulted in the recovery of 56 strains of Salmonella. Serological identification of many of these strains proved the prevalence of S. typhimurium, S. weltevreden and S. urbana. The preponderatingly prevalent serotypes were found to be the former two. Pathogenicity studies employing S. typhimurium culture in mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, calves and piglets were conducted. All these animals were found to be susceptible to infection by S. typhimurium evincing varying degrees of clinical manifestations. The advantages of employing modified McConkey’s medium (Sharma, 1961) containing Mannitol instead of lactose and composite medium 1 and 11 developed by Chitin is et al. (1972) to differentiate Salmonella at primary screening level have been discussed.
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    Studies on the bacterial species associated with gastroenteritis in goats
    (Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1979) Sebastian Joseph; Abdulla, P K
    The information regarding the incidence, etiology and pathogenicity of enteric pathogens in goats is very meagre in our country. The present study is aimed at the isolation, identification and characterisation of Enterobacterial organisms from cases of enteritis in goats. The study also included, determination of sensitivity pattern of the isolates to various chemotherapeutic agents. A total of 190 specimens, which included rectal swabs (60), intestinal contents, portions of large and small intestines (92) and mesenteric lymph nodes (38) collected from live/dead animals were examined for enteric pathogens. From these specimens examined, 86 isolates of Escherichia coli (45.26 per cent), 39 Enterobacter cloacae (20.33 per cent) and two Salmonella (1.05 per cent) were obtained. Of all the E.coli isolates, only one (EC/11) was found to be haemolytic. In addition to the above specimens, eight samples of heart blood and 34 specimens of lung tissues collected from cases of gastroenteritis were also examined for the presence of bacterial organisms. Seven isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes (from lung tissues only), 15 isolates of Klebsiella Pneumoniae (from lung tissues only), and one isolate of Corynebacterium pyogenes (from lung tissues only) were obtained. The ability of haemolytic E.coli (EC/11) to produce necrotoxin on rabbit skin was tested and the lesions produced were of necrotic changes. The strain was also found to be pathogenic to mice when tested. One isolate of Salmonella (S/1) was also tested for its pathogenicity to mice, and found non – pathogenic. Enterotoxin production in rabbit ileal loop was studied with haemolytic (EC/11) and non – haemolytic (EC/15) E.coli. The test materials included peptone water culture, soft agar culture fluid and acetone precipitated culture fluid. The results of the experiment have shown that, non – haemolytic E.coli produced dilatation reaction, while the haemolytic E.coli did not. The lesions noticed in the ileal segments of positive reaction were typical of enteritis. Antibiotic sensitivity studies were conducted using 11 chemotherapeutic agents (Ampicillin, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nitrofuran, penicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline) on E.coli Salmonella and Enterobacter cloacae. The result showed that cent per cent isolates of E.coli were sensitive to gentamicin, 95.35 per cent to nitrofuran, 88.37 per cent to chloramphenicol, 60.47 per cent to kanamycin, 40.70 per cent to streptomycin, 8.14 per cent to tetracycline and 2.33 per cent to erythromycin. All the 39 isolates of Enterobacter closcae tested were sensitive to gentamicin and kanamycin, whereas 30 (76.92 per cent) were sensitive to chloramphenicol and nitrofuran and 15 (38.46 per cent) to streptomycin. The drugs of choice for Salmonella were found to be gentamicin, chloramphenicol, nitrofuran and streptomycin.
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    Immunology survey on the incidence of infectious bronchitis(IB) and infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in poultry in and around Trichur
    (Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1979) George, M C; Punnoose, K T
    Infectious bronchitis and infectious laryngotrancheitis are the two viral diseases of poultry responsible for economic loss to the poultry industry by way of decreased egg production, poor quality of eggs, decreased feed efficiency and loss of weight gain. These disease have been reported from the neighbouring states of Kerala. In the present study a serological survey was carried out to understand the prevalence of these two disease in the poultry population in and around Trichur. A total of 2,110 serum samples have been collected from the field, comprising of white leghorn, Rhode Island Red and Desi birds belonging to different age groups. Serum samples were collected from organized farms, from birds kept by farmers and from the birds slaughtered in different hotels at Trichur. These serum samples were tested against the infectious bronchitis and infectious laryngotracheitis by employing agar gel precipitation test. The chorioallantoic membrane and allantoic fluid of infected embryos were used for the preparation of antigens for agar gel precipitation test. The potency of antigens was tested by conducting the agar gel precipitation test with corresponding hyper immuns sera prepared in white leghon male chicks of six to eight weeks of age. A line of precipitation was obtained in both cases which was close and curved towards the antigen well, because of the high concentration of antibody in the sera and due to the high molecular weight of the antigen. In the case of infectious bronchitis the line of precipitation was distinct where as in case of infectious laryngotrachetis it was diffused. The antigen, whose efficiency was tested using hyper immune sera, was used to test samples of sera collected from the field. The samples were pooled to 211 groups and tested for the presence of infectious bronchitis and infectious larygotracheitis precipitating antibodies separately by agar gel precipitation test. None of the samples gave precipitin line either to infectious bronchitis or to infectious larygotracheitis. So it was assumed that both of these viral disease are not prevalent in Trichur and its suburbs.
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    Pathological studies on the ameliorative effect of Curcuma longa on experimental Pasteurellosis in rabbits
    (Centre for Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Manjula V James; Lalithakunjamma, C R
    An experiment was conducted to evaluate the symptoms and lesions of experimental pasteurellosis and to study the beneficial effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) in managing pasteurellosis. Thirty two New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups each having eight replicates. Group I served as control. Group II were given feed mixed with turmeric at the rate of 2 g/kg body weight for the whole period of experiment and on the thirty first day of the experiment, animals were intranasally exposed to P. multocida. Group III rabbits were intranasally exposed to P. multocida on the thirty first day of the experiment and turmeric was fed at the rate of 2 g/ kg body weight after exposure until the end of the experiment. Group IV rabbits were fed on control diet alone for thirty days and then intranasally exposed to P. multocida on the thirty first day of the experiment. Body weight and haematological parameters were recorded on day zero, 14th and 28th day of the experiment and biochemical parameters on 28th day were estimated. The rabbits were challenged with 0.1 ml of 18 h broth culture of P. multocida serotype A: 1 containing approximately 3 ×108 organisms/ml by intranasal route. Blood was collected for haematological and biochemical evaluations after eighteen hours of post inoculation from all the groups. Supplementation of turmeric significantly (P<0.05) increased the body weight on 28th day of the experiment. Turmeric supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the haemoglobin concentration on day 28. The total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count did not reveal significant difference between the dietary groups. The serum total protein, albumin and albumin : globulin ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher in turmeric fed group on the 28th day. The serum creatinine values were within the normal range and no significant difference was noticed. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were comparatively lower in turmeric fed group but no significant difference were noticed on the 28th day. Results of the present study after challenge with P. multocida indicated that the haemoglobin concentration did not reveal significant difference except for numerical decrease in values noted in challenged groups compared to the control. The total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count significantly (P<0.05) increased in challenged groups compared to the control. Also the levels of serum total protein, albumin: globulin ratio and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) higher in challenged groups. The levels of ALT, AST and ALP were also significantly (P<0.05) higher in the challenged groups. Pathological studies on the trachea, lungs, heart, liver and kidney revealed acute lesions suggestive of septicaemia. The intensity of damage in Group II rabbits were found to be much less in these organs which were evident in the haemato-biochemical values and gross and histopathological lesions. Overall evaluation of the results of the study indicated that supplementation of turmeric was advantageous. Also the study brought to the light that apart from the beneficial effects on body weight, haematology and biochemical profile, turmeric revealed partial protective role on pasteurellosis. The results of the study prove promising and need further investigation using different levels of turmeric in diets.
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    Evaluation of polyvinyl chloride splints for the treatment of long bone fractures in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Divya Balan; Devanand, C B
    The present study was undertaken with the objective to evaluate the efficacy of PVC splints and its immobilizing effects in managing long bone fractures in dogs. The study was carried out in twelve clinical cases of fracture of radius and ulna in dogs of either sex presented to the clinics of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. The animals were randomly divided into two groups (Group I and Group 11) consisting of six animals each. After clinical examination of the animals, the fracture was reduced by closed method under sedation by administering atropine sulphate followed by xylazine hydrochloride intramuscularly and in certain cases, thiopentone sodium was also administered 'to effect' general anaesthesia. The affected limb was immobilized by application of plaster of Paris cast in Group I and application of PVC splint in Group II. All the animals were kept under observation for a period of 30 days after the treatment in both the groups. A marginal decrease in respiration rate and pulse rate and a normal range of rectal temperature were observed during the early post-treatment period in all the animals of both the groups. Fifty per cent of animals in each group started bearing weight on the affected limb by the end of 15th post-treatment day. Symptoms like soft tissue trauma, oedema, instability, pain, loosening and mutilation of the immobilization devise were relatively more in animals of Group II, but these complications could be attended readily in animals of this group. By the end of 30th post-treatment day, all the animals in Group I could bear weight and able to walk on the affected limb, but pain at the fracture site persisted in three animals. In Group II three animals were able to use the limb actively while other animals exhibited a little difficulty in walking but the gait became normal after some days. A marginal increase in packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and total leucocyte count were observed on 15th post-treatment day in haemogram. Differential leucocyte count revealed neutrophilia and decrease in lymphocyte count on 15th post-treatment day. Eosinophil, basophil and monocyte counts exhibited marginal variation during the post-treatment period. By the end of 15th post-treatment day, periosteal reaction started I developing at the site of fracture in majority of animals in each group. Perfect apposition of the bone fragment was observed In one animal in Group 11. Obliteration of medullary canal was noticed in all the animals of both the groups. By 30th post-treatment day all animals in Group I and two animals in Group II exhibited moderate amount of periosteal callus. Complete bridging of fracture gap was noticed in two animals in Group I and four animals in Group II. In all other animals gap between the bone fragments was evident partially. An increase in serum alkaline phosphatase and serum acid phosphatase level was observed in the immediate post-treatment period in all the animals.
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    Management of anoestrum in crossbred cattle using synthetic gonadotrophin releasing hormone
    (Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1996) Gunaseelan, R; Madhavan, E