1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Efficacy of sevoflurane for maintenance of propofol anaesthesia in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Raghavan, K S; Narayanan, M K
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    Management of fracture of extremities of long bones in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Remya, V; Syam K Venugopal
    The feasibility of various management techniques for fracture of extremity of long bones was evaluated in fourteen clinical cases of dogs with fifteen fractures, presented to Surgery units of Veterinary Hospitals, Mannuthy and Kokkalai, College of Veterinary and Animal sciences, Mannuthy during the period from January 2007 to April 2008. All the animals were subjected to detailed clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluation preoperatively and postoperatively at two weeks interval up to sixth week. The fractures included in study were capital physeal, basicapital, subtrochanteric, supracondylar and distal Salter Harris II fractures of femur; avulsion of tibial tuberosity with separation of epiphysis and proximal metaphyseal fracture of tibia ; supracondylar fracture of humerus and distal metaphyseal fractures of radius and ulna. Reduction was achieved by open and closed approach and fixation was done using intra medullary pins acting as intra medullary pins, cross pins or as transfixation pins of external fixator. Femoral head and neck fracture was fixed by K wire inserted normograde from fovea capitis or from subtrochanteric area. Subtrochanteric fracture of femur, distal femoral fractures and distal humeral fractures were repaired by intramedullary pinning done normograde or retrograde, either alone (in stable fractures) or with auxillary fixations like cross pins. Avulsion of tibial tuberosity was repaired by tension band wiring and proximal metaphyseal tibial fracture was repaired by a derotational K wire inserted in closed method. Distal metaphyseal fracture of radius and ulna was immobilized with type IA external fixator after closed reduction. Fracture reduction was satisfactory in 93 per cent of cases. All animals except two dogs with multiple fracture of femur, showed full weight bearing on the limb in two weeks. Long term functional outcome was excellent in 78 per cent dogs. Development of pseudoarthrosis was observed in three dogs with femoral head/neck fracture and resulted in change in gait in two cases. All fractures in young dogs healed in six weeks and among others, those without fixation failure showed appropriate progression towards healing. Avascular necrosis of femoral head with femoral head/ neck fracture and premature closure of physis were the biological complications noticed. Premature closure of physis caused deformity only in one case. An increase in level of alkaline phosphatase and a decrease in serum calcium level were observed in earlier phases of fracture healing. Intramedullary pin and cross pin in distal femoral and humeral fractures, tension band wiring in avulsion of tibial tuberosity, and type IA external fixator in distal radius and ulna fracture were found excellent. Success of using pins in proximal femoral fractures in large dogs need further study.
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    Intra-articular antimicrobial therapy and lavage for the management of arthritis in claves
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Ganesh, G; Rajankutty, K
    The present study was carried out in twelve calves affected with arthritis under six months of age belonging to either sex, presented to the College Veterinary Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai. Based on the nature of synovia, whether it was non-purulent or purulent, the calves were divided into two groups viz. Group I and II, each consisting of six calves and were serially numbered from 1 to 6. Animals in Group I were treated by intra-articular antimicrobial therapy and in Group II by lavaging the affected joint with ten per cent DMSO using ‘through-and-through’ needle technique with supplementation of parentral antibiotic therapy to the animals of both the groups. Both male and female, Holstein-Friesian cross and Jersey cross bred calves with age group ranging from five days to two months were presented. In all the calves, the knee joint was affected, either unilaterally or bilaterally. Out of the 12 calves, four had the history of umbilical infection and in which the umbilical cords were torn naturally at the time of birth and the stumps were left untreated. The duration of illness ranged from two days to one week. The affected joints were swollen, warm to touch and evidenced pain on palpation with difficulty in flexing the joint. In a few calves purulent exudation was coming out. In Group I, all the calves recovered within five days of treatment except one which also got recovered, but only after two months. In Group II, promising recovery was observed in two calves within fifteen days of observation and in one recovery with persistent ankylosis, while two calves succumbed during the observation period. The mean rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin concentration and VPRC were found within normal range in both the groups, throughout the period of study. The mean total leukocyte count was higher before treatment in both the groups and it was within the normal range from the fifth and fifteenth day of observation in Group I and II respectively. The neutrophil count was higher and the lymphocyte count was lower before treatment and almost reached towards normal range by the fifteenth day of observation in both the groups. The serum glucose and alkaline phosphatase levels were within the normal range throughout the period of observation in both the groups. In Group I, the synovia was yellowish, odourless and with normal to fair mucin clot quality and prolonged clotting time. In Group II, it was turbid yellow with flocculent materials and pungent odour (in two cases) with fair to very poor mucin clot quality and quickened clotting time. The mean glucose levels were within the normal range in Group I and lower in Group II. But the mean alkaline phosphatase level was observed to be higher than the levels obtained in serum in both the groups. Escherichia coli was the major organism isolated from two samples of synovial fluid among the twelve samples collected and gentamicin was sensitive in one isolate, while Sulphadiazine in the other one. In Group I, the affected joints were without any characteristic radiographic abnormalities except for the increase in soft tissue density due to soft tissue swelling. Whereas in Group II lesions identified were widened joint space, intra-articular gas shadow, subchondral osteolysis and blurring of normal bone outline. There were not many variations in the fifteenth day post-treatment radiographs. Histopathology of affected joint was performed in two calves which succumbed during the observation period. Macroscopic examination revealed considerable swelling of joint with pus and degeneration of articular cartilage. Microscopic examination revealed thick hyalinised fibrocollagenous tissue, areas of haemorrhage with many congested blood vessels. Some areas appeared like abscess wall of which was formed by inflammatory granulation tissue. One section showed bony tissue with degenerating bony trabeculae. Periosteum and adjacent tissues showed extensive necrosis and abscess formation.
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    Epidural steroid therapy and ultrasound massage for the management of paraplegia in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Seena, K M; Sarada Amma, T
    The study was conducted in fourteen clinical cases of paraplegic dogs with an objective to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural steroid therapy with and without ultrasound massage for the management of paraplegia in dogs. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups of seven animals each, Group I and II. Preliminary clinical, neurological and radiological examinations were conducted in all dogs. The dogs of Group I were subjected to epidural administration of methyl prednisolone acetate (2mg/kg body weight) initially and oral administration of prednisolone acetate in a tapering dosage for 15 days and that of Group II were subjected to ultrasound massage of the dorsal spinal region in addition to the steroid administration as in Group I. The incidence was more in Dachshunds. No sex predilection was observed. The maximum number of dogs was within the age range of four to six years. The etiology was unknown for most of the cases studied. The physiological parameters were within the normal range. Total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count indicated stress leukogram during the initial stage of the study period. Hb, PCV, serum calcium and phosphorous values were within the normal range. Alkaline phosphatase values showed an increase on second week and lowered to normal at the end of the study period. The neurological examination was effective for the localization of lesion and assessing the neurological recovery of dogs. Absence of deep pain sensation indicated poor prognosis for recovery. Evaluation of bladder function was very useful for assessing the neurological status of the dogs. A positive correlation was obtained in 78.5 per cent of survey radiographic findings with neurological examination. The survey radiography had 57.14 per cent accuracy for identifying multiple lesions and 21.42 per cent accuracy for single compressive lesions. The myelography was sufficient for identifying the site of compression and iohexol at the dose rate of 0.3ml/kg body weight (90mgI / kg body weight) provided good contrast for demarcation of the spinal cord. Neurological grading system based on the motor activity of the hind limbs and urinary bladder function was useful for evaluating the progressive neurological improvement in dogs during the course of study. The outcome of treatment was good in both groups studied. Epidural administration of methyl prednisone acetate followed by oral administration of prednisolone acetate was effective for the treatment of paraplegia in dogs due to intervertebral disc disease. But it was not effective for traumatic paraplegia in dogs with instability of the vertebral column. The therapeutic ultrasound massage enhanced the neurological recovery in paraplegic dogs.
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    Scleral approach for extracapsular cataract extraction in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinery and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Tessy Mathew; John Martin, K D
    The effectiveness of scleral approach for extracapsular cataract extraction was studied in six dogs (seven cases). Dogs presented with the history of impaired vision were clinically examined and cases with cataract were selected for the study. All dogs were put on to medication with azathioprine orally and ciprofloxacin, flurbiprofen and tropicamide topically three days prior to surgery. General anaesthesia was induced with atropine - xylazine - ketamine given intramuscularly and maintained with xylazine - ketamine - diazepam combination given intravenously. A scleral incision, two millimeters away and parallel to the limbus on the dorsolateral aspect was used to access the anterior chamber. Anterior capsulotomy was performed and lens was extracted. Collapse of anterior chamber was prevented by infusing the visco-elastic material, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. Sterile isotonic balanced salt solution was used to irrigate the anterior chamber. Scleral incision was sutured with 8/0 silk in simple interrupted pattern. Postoperatively all the dogs were maintained on cephalexin, azathioprine orally and ciprofloxacin, flurbiprofen and tropicamide topically. Scleral wounds were healed uneventfully and sutures were removed on 10th postoperative day. Major intraoperative complications encountered during the study were haemorrhage from the conjunctival incision, prolapse of iris, miosis and remnants of lens material in the anterior chamber. Out of the seven cases, four achieved functional vision by one month and corneal clarity except at the dorsolateral aspect near the suture line and in the remaining three, cornea remained opaque. Postoperative complications encountered were persistent corneal oedema in three cases, mild increase in intraocular pressure in two and vitreous prolapse in one.
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    Evaluation and management of gastrointestinal outflow disorders in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Jinesh Kumar, N S; Sarada Amma
    The study was conducted in twelve animals of different breed, age and either sex suspected for gastrointestinal outflow disorders. The incidence, clinical signs, radiographic and ultrasonographic observations, haematological and serum biochemical changes, efficacy of treatment adopted, and postoperative management were studied. The incidence was more in Labrador breed of dogs. No sex predilection was observed. The age of affected animals ranged from 30 days to four years. Of foreign body obstructions, five were less than 1.5 years and was found more in females. Intussusception was observed in two male pups of less than two months of age. The most consistent clinical signs observed were vomiting and difficulty in defaecation. The affected animals were dull, weak and lethargic and two were recumbent. Two animals showed chronic intermittent vomiting. Diarrhoea was reported in cases of intussusception. Four animals had scanty black tarry faeces. Pain on palpating the abdomen was noticed in nine animals while palpable mass could be felt in three animals. Dilated intestinal loops with distension of the abdomen were the common observations. The temperature, pulse rate and capillary refill time were within normal range while respiration rate was higher. Radiography and ultrasonography was found adequate for confirmatory diagnosis in most of the cases. The different conditions included foreign body obstruction (6), gastric ulcer (1), intussusception (2), dilated colon (1), and stenosis of ileocolic sphincter (2) and were treated by enterotomy, gastrotomy, resection of ulcer, enterectomy and enteroanastamosis, colotomy and dilation of sphincter. All the animals were rehydrated before surgery and appropriate surgical treatment was carried out under general anaesthesia. Post operatively, fluid was given up to 48 hours. Liquid food followed by solid food was offered. Antibiotics and supportive medicines were continued up to seven days. The sutures were removed on eighth post operative day. Leucocytosis with neutrophilia, reduction in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia and hyperlipasemia was the major haemato biochemical changes observed. Of the twelve cases studied, nine cases recovered successfully and three animals died which included a case of gastric ulcer and two cases of intussusception.
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    Processed collagen graft for the treatment of corneal lesions in dogs
    (Department Veterinary surgery and Radio, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2006) Raji, T A; Sarada Amma, T
    The efficacy of processed collagen diskette on corneal healing was evaluated by using the same in nine cases of corneal lesions presented to the Veterinary Hospitals of College of veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. All the animals selected for the study were subjected to detailed clinical, haematological, wet film and blood smear examination and culture and sensitivity test of corneal swab before surgery. Exfoliative cytology and fluorescein test was conducted to evaluate healing process before and after surgery during the postoperative period. The incidence of corneal lesions was found to be the highest among pugs especially among juveniles of seven to eight months of age. Fresh wounds were sutured using braided silk 8/0 and superficial lesions including ulcers were scarified. Corneal perforations with staphyloma were sutured after reducing the protruded portion of iris. Collagen diskettes prepared from bovine Achilles tendon soaked in antibiotics were used for the present study. Antibiotic (selected according to the culture and sensitivity results) and anti-inflammatory eye drops were prescribed for topical use in all cases and oral antibiotics in selected cases after surgery. The collagen diskettes could be applied very easily and were retained in position by tarsorrhaphy. The collagen applied was completely disappeared on the third day and the lesions were found healing from third day onwards. Healing of corneal injury/ ulceration/ perforation and staphyloma formation were found satisfactory and clarity of the cornea were observed from 28th day onwards and the cornea became more or less clear by about 60th day. Vascularization of cornea developed in all the cases, except three, during the first week after surgery and then gradually decreased. Exfoliative cytology revealed presence of nucleated epithelial cells, anuclear keratinized cells and varying number of polymorphonuclear cells in these cases. Complications encountered during the study included, mutilation of sutures in two and corneal pigmentation in three. Collagen diskettes used were found effective in promoting healing of corneal defects. Lesions were found to heal without much delay and the clarity of the cornea achieved was more or less complete except for a small scar at the site. All the animals tolerated the collagen diskette applied. Adverse reaction to the material was absent in any of the animals.
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    External skeletel fixation in combination with intramedullary pinning for management of long bone fractures in dogs
    (Department of Veterinery surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2006) Venkateswaralu, B; Syam K Venugopal
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    Contrast radiography for the diagnosis of gastric disorders in dogs
    (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2005) Dileepkumar, K M; Rajankutty, K