1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Combining ability and heterosis in bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2000) Iswara Prasad, C M; Manju, PThe present investigation "Combining ability and heterosis in bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.)" was conducted in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, involving seven parents, 21 hybrids without reciprocals and the check variety Preethi with a view to assess the general and specific combining abilities, the nature of gene action and to estimate the extent of heterosis for 13 characters in bittergourd. Significant differences were noticed among the 29 genotypes for all the characters studied with respect to the mean performance. Among the parents MC 17 (P,) and MC 40 (P6) and among the hybrids MC 18 x MC 40 (P2 ~ P6) had the high mean performance for yield and most of the yield attributes. The estimates of PCV and GCV for most of the traits were comparatively high with very high estimates of heritability and genetic advance indicating the scope of improvement through selection. The combining ability analys.is revealed that both GCA and SCA variances were significant for all the characters indicating the involvement of both additive and non-additive gene action. However, the ratio of additive to dominance variance was less than unity for most of the characters indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action and thereby suggesting the importance of heterosis breeding programme in crop improvement. The parent MC 40 (P6) and the hybrid MC 18 x MC 40 (P2 x P6) were the best general and specific combiners respectively for yield and most of the yield related components. Several )1ybrids possessed significant relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for all the characters except significant standard heterosis for 100 seed weight. The hybrid MC 18 x MC 40 (P2 x P6) recorded the maximum positive standard heterosis for yield and most of the yield attributes. However, the hybrids MC 17 x MC 40 (PI x P6), MC 17 x MC 53 (PI x P7) and MC 18 x MC 53 (P2 x P7) also exhibited good performance with regard to yield and related characters.Item Biopesticides for integrated pest management in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2000) Sunil Dutt, M; Maicykutty P MathewA field study was undertaken at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1998-99 to compare the efficacy of two chemical insecticides viz., acephate, carbofuran, two biopesticides based on B. thuringiensis and B. bassiana and their combinations against the major pests of bitter gourd. Carbofuran was applied as granules at seeding, while the other treatments were applied as spray at fortnightly intervals from 35 DAS. It was observed from the study that application of acephate at 0.1 per cent was the most effective insecticide against sap feeders viz., leaf hopper and aphids. The combined application of B. thuringiensis or B. bassiana with acephate 0.05 per cent was also found effective. In controlling hadda beetle also, acephate at 0.1 per cent gave consistently good results. Gallfly infestation was minimum in acephate 0.1 per cent treated plots followed by B. thuringiensis + acephate 0.05 per cent sprayed plots. In the case offruitfly, B. bassiana + acephate 0.05 per cent registered the lowest infestation. The borer infestation was less in B. thuringiensis + acephate 0.05 per cent sprayed plots. This treatment also recorded the highest marketable yield (7573 kg ha") with the highest net profit of Rs. 25,344 ha-I and benefit cost ratio of 3.71 : 1. Studies on the residues of carbofuran by high performance liquid chromatography revealed that application of carbofuran either at 0.6 or 1.2 kg a.i.ha' at seeding resulted in no detectable terminal residue in bitter gourd fruits.Item Techno-socio-economic assessment of farmers practices in the cultivation of bittergourd in Thiruvananthapuram district(Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1999) Manjusha Jayapalan; Kumari Sushama, N PThe study was carried out in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala on the farmers' practices followed in bittergourd cultivation. The study aimed at identifying the farmers' practices, assessing the knowledge about recommended practices, extent of adoption offarmers' practices, techno-socio-economic aspects, efficiency and ecofriendliness of these practices and also constraints faced by farmers in bittergourd cultivation. The respondents consisted of 40 farmer respondents. selected from Kalliyoor panchayat of the district, 25 extension personnel and 25 research personnel working on bittergourd. The dependent variables for the study were, the knowledge about recommended practices and the extent of adoption of selected farmers' practices by farmers. The independent variables included the personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of farmers. In total, 40 farmers' practices were identified. Of which, the plant protection practices outnumbered the management practices. All the respondents were aware of most of the recommended practices in bittergourd cultivation. 'Soaking of seeds in water' , 'organic manuring'practices adopted by 100 per cent of the farmers. 'Education' was the single variable which showed a significant positive correlation with knowledge whereas, 'extension orientation' and 'participation in P. T.D.' were the two variables exhibiting a significant positive relationship with the extent of adoption of farmers' practices. The practices, 'burning of dry leaves and twigs', 'banana fruit trap' and green leaf manuring registered the highest techno-socio-economic indices. 'Banana fruit trap' , 'organic manuring' and 'soaking of seeds in water' were the most efficient practices as perceived by researchers, extension personnel and farmers. 'Soaking of seeds in water', 'burning of dry leaves and twigs' , 'spraying nattapoochedi leaf extract', 'oraganic manuring' and 'green leaf manuring' were the most ecofriendly practices as identified by the farmers. The most important production constraint experienced by the farmers was 'incidence of pests and diseases'. The common pests were fruit fly, epilachna beetle, pumpkin beetle and plant lice. Mosaic and leaf spot were the common diseases. 'High cost of material inputs' was the most important economic constraint.Item Seed yield and quality in bittergourd as influenced by vegetable harvests(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellayani, 1999) Devi, V S; Pushpakumari, RThe present investigation was carried out at the Callege of Agriculture, Vellayani to study the influence of vegetable harvests on the seed yield and quality, seed extraction, drying methods and storage containers and the position of seed in fruit on the seed and seedling characters of bittergourd. Growth characters viz. length of main vine number of main branches plant-1 and leaf area index were significantly influenced by vegetable harvests and these characters increased with increasing vegetable harvests. The bearing capacity of the bittergourd plant was improved by the frequent picking of green fruits but the ripe .fruit yield and seed yield increased only upto two vegetable harvests. Hundred seed weight was significantly higher for two vegetable harvests but the germination percentage was not appreciably influenced. Though the net income and benefit cost ratio were not influenced significantly, the highest were obtained for two vegetable harvests. Extraction treatments significantly influenced germination percentage, speed of germination, seedling root length and vigour index. Seeds extracted after soaking in water for 12 h recorded the highest seed and characters. seedling Germination percentage, speed of germination, seedling root length, electrical conductivity of seed leachate and hydrogenase enzyme activity were significantly influenced by drying methods undertaken. Among these characters all except seedling root length and electrical conductivity of seed leachate were superior for the method in which seeds were dried under direct sun avoiding peak sunshine hours. Seedling roots were longest for seeds dried fully under shade and electrical conductivity of seed leachate was lowest for artificially dried seeds. Storage containers significantly influenced all the seed and seedling characters studied. Germination percentage, speed of germination, seedling shoot length, vigour index, dry weight, electrical conductivity of seed leachate and hydrogenase enzyme activity were superior for seeds kept in polythene bag. Longest seedling roots were produced by seeds kept in butter paper cover. Interaction between drying and storage containers was significant for seedling dry weight, electrical conductivity of seed leachate and hydrogenase enzyme activity. The highest seedling dry weight was recorded by seeds dried fully under direct sun and stored in polybags at two MAS. Lowest electrical conductivity values were recorded by artificial drying and polythene bag combination at two and three MAS. Hydrogenase enzyme activity was highest for drying under sun avoiding peak hours plus polybag at 45 DAS and for artificial drier plus polybag at 90 DAS. Position of seed in bittergourd fruit influenced germination percentage, seedling root length and vigour index significantly with middle portion recording the highest values.Item Nutritional management of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L) in relation to pest and disease incidence(Department Of Olericulture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1999) Rekha, C R; Gopalakrishnan, T R