1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Stability analysis of hybrids and pedigree selection in brinjal (Solanum melongena) with resistance to shoot and fruit borer(Department of plant breeding and genetics, college of agriculture , vellanikkara, 2023-07-15) Arya Sidharth, M; Jiji JosephBrinjal, also known as ‘eggplant’ or ‘Guinea squash,’ is one of the most popular and commercial crop grown in India and other parts of the world. It is often referred as vegetable of masses and believed to have originated in Indo-Burma region. The main factor limiting the production of eggplant in the Indian sub-continent is the infestation of the Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer (BSFB) or Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer (EFSB) (Leucinodes orbonalis Guen.). Farmers mostly rely on chemical insecticides to control EFSB, which lead to massive pesticide overuse. The environment friendly method to minimize pest-related damage is Host Plant Resistance (HPR). However, to get a satisfactory yield in addition to being resistant to fruit and shoot borer, the varieties should be stable in performance over a range of environments. The present study entitled “Stability analysis of hybrids and pedigree selection in brinjal (Solanum melongena) with resistance to shoot and fruit borer” comprised of two experiments. First experiment was an attempt to identify suitable high yielding hybrids resistant to shoot and fruit borer for general cultivation across three agroecological units of Pattambi, Vellanikkara and Vadakara. Materials used for the study comprised of four F1 hybrids (Ponni x Vengeri, Ponni x Arka Kusumakar, Haritha x Vengeri and Ponni x IC 618044) developed at Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, along with their parents and standard check for yield, Neelima. Field experiments were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The second experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluation of F2 populations of two crosses ( Ponni x Vengeri and Haritha x IC 624241) and pedigree selection for resistance to shoot and fruit borer. The experimental materials included two crosses (200 plants each), their parents and standard check, Neelima. Observations were recorded on eleven characters: number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, number of infested fruits per plant, number of shoots per plant, number of infested shoots per plant, number of primary branches per plant, fruit weight (g), fruit yield per plant (g), marketable yield per plant (g), per cent fruit infestation and percent shoot infestation. The recorded observations were subjected to individual location wise analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by pooled analysis of variance (pooled ANOVA) over three locations. From the pooled ANOVA, the characters that exhibited significant genotype x environment (G x E) interaction were further assessed for stability using two models, Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction effects (AMMI) model and the Genotype main effects plus Genotype-by Environment interaction effect (GGE) biplot. ANOVA revealed significant difference between genotypes for all the eleven characters considered. However, the error variances were homogeneous only for the characters number of fruits per plant, number of infested fruits per plant, number of shoots per plant, number of infested shoots per plant, fruit weight (g), marketable yield per plant (g) and per cent fruit infestation in Bartlett’s test. These seven characters were subjected to pooled ANOVA across three environments. Significant G x E interaction was observed in all characters considered and were hence forwarded for analysing with the stability. The AMMI model with its additive as well as multiplicative formulations could interpret the complex G x E patterns effectively through the AMMI biplots. Genotypes were scored and then ranked, according to their Stability Index (SI) value computed on the basis of rank of AMMI Stability Value (rASV) and the rank of performance for each character (rY). It was observed that Ponni x Vengeri and Neelima with lowest score, ranked as the best and stable genotypes followed by Vengeri. The GGE biplot model enabled effective interpretation of genotype x environment interaction by providing visual understanding of genotype and test environment evaluation through mean versus stability graph, ranking of genotypes, ranking of environments and which-won-where analysis. On an overall basis, it was identified from GGE biplot method that Neelima, Vengeri and Ponni x Vengeri were the most stable and highly performing genotypes. Comparison of results from the two models of stability confirmed Neelima, Vengeri and Ponni x Vengeri as the most stable and promising genotypes that these genotypes can be evaluated in large fields so as to confirm with the results and for checking the suitability of genotype Ponni x Vengeri to be released as a variety. In second experiment, F2 population of the cross Ponni x Vengeri exhibited wide range of segregation for all the characters evaluated. Correlation study revealed that marketable yield per plant (g) exhibited a significant positive association with number of flowers, number of fruits, number of shoots, fruit weight (g) and total yield (g), and a negative correlation with per cent fruit damage in the cross Ponni × Vengeri and the yield could be boosted through selection based on these characters. Ten best performing plants having a marketable yield of more than 600 g were selected and can be forwarded to the further generations. But in case of the cross Haritha × IC 624241 none of the plants performed well. So this cross need not be forwarded for further improvement.Item Morphological variations of root knot nematode in vegetables and banana(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2017) Chinchu P Babu; Narayana, RThe study entitled “Morphological variations of root knot nematode in vegetables and banana” was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2015-17 with the objective to study the morphological and morphometric variations of root-knot nematode in brinjal, okra, tomato and banana in Kerala. Morphological and morphometrical studies of females, perineal pattern, second stage juveniles and males of root knot nematodes collected from Dhanuvachapuram, Kattakada and Vellayani of Thiruvananthapuram district; Balagram, Pampadumpara and Thovalappady of Idukki district; Chazhoor, Thalikulam and Thaniyam of Thrissur district infecting brinjal, okra, tomato and banana were done and the data was analysed to identify the species. M.incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949, M. javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949, M. arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 and M. chitwoodi Golden, O'Bannon, Santo & Finley 1980 were identified from brinjal, okra, tomato and banana in Thiruvananthapuram, Idukki and Thrissur districts of Kerala. The study indicated M. incognita as the major species of root knot nematode in Thiruvananthapuram district (91.66%) with highest percentage of occurrence in brinjal and tomato (27.77). In Idukki district, the major species of root knot nematode was M. javanica (66.66%) with highest percentage of occurrence from brinjal and banana (33.33). In Thrissur district, M. arenaria was found to be the major species (66.66%) with highest percentage of occurrence in okra (37.5). M. incognita was found to be the major species in brinjal (55.55%), okra (44.44%), tomato (55.55%) and banana (44.44%) in Thiruvananthapuram, Idukki and Thrissur districts. The extent of parthenogenesis of root knot nematode was found to be very high (97.22%) in these populations. Intraspecific morphological variations were observed within M. incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria with respect to shape of females, length and position of neck, perineal pattern morphology, tail characters including rectum dilation. Interpopulation comparison of mature females, perineal pattern and second stage juveniles of M. incognita showed that the characters length, width, neck length, stylet length, LMB, WMB and ratio a of females, LVS, AVS, ATT and IPD of perineal pattern and body length, stylet length, H-MB, ABW, tail length, ratio c and c’ were recorded as stable characters. Interpopulation comparison of mature females, perineal pattern and second stage juveniles of M. javanica showed that all the characters of females, perineal pattern and second stage juveniles were stable characters and in M. arenaria, the characters like body length, width, neck length, stylet length, LMB and WMB of females, LVS, AVS, ATT and IPD of perineal pattern and length, stylet length, H-MB, ABW and tail length were recorded as stable characters and found useful in characterizing species. Intraspecific morphological and morphometric variations of M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria were recorded from four host plants in three districts in Kerala. M. arenaria and M. javanica showed high variability between the populations compared to M. incognita in Kerala. The study indicated that M. incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria were the major species infesting vegetables and banana in Kerala. Among the sampled populations, M. hapla was not identified which shows that M. hapla is not common in Kerala conditions. The study recorded the first report of species having morphological and morphometrical characters similar to M. chitwoodi from okra in Thiruvananthapuram which opens way to molecular studies in future.Item Screening brinjal for jassid, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) tolerance(Department Of Olericulture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2005) Malini, C D; Prasanna, K PThe present investigation entitled" Screening brinjal tor jassid Amrasca biguttula , biguttula (Ishida) tolerance" w 1S conducted in the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, KeraJa Agricult .iral University, Vellanikkara during rabi (2004) and summer (2005). Thirty SIX brinjal accessions collected from different parts of the country were characterized for different qualitative and quantitative characters. The evaluated accessions exhibited considerable variation for growth habit, prickliness of plant parts, colour, shape and size of fruits and colour of petiole, leaves, stem and flowers. Fruit yield was maximum in FJ hybrid, Neelima and S1'.1 384. Swethe and Swetha X Haritha were early and produced maximum number of fruits per plant. Longest fruits were produced by SM 344. Fruits of SM 385 recorded maximum girth and SM 354 had hcav iest fruits. The study revealed high heritability coupled with high genetic advance for characters like fruit length, number of fruits per plant, days to last harvest and number of economic harvests. Yield was positively associated with number of fruits per plant :;JiT!ber of economic harvests and total harvests. The accessions SM 363, SM 364, SM 366, SM 384 and SM 385 were found ._T he morphological and anatomical bases of resistance was also studied. l ligh r • Lb hair density and longer midrib hairs were found to impart resistance in resistant/ tolerant accessio: tS. The anatomical studies of midrib of resistant and usceprible accessions revealed variation in cuticle thickness, cell wall thickness of epidermal cells and inter cellular space of hypodermal cells. These characters either alum' or in combination may be contrib ting resistance to oviposition and feeding of jassids ill brinjal.Item Integrated weed management in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2000) Mandira Chakrabarti; Sansamma GeorgeA field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvanantbapuram to study the technical and economic feasibility of different weed management practices for brinjal. The study was carried out during the period from August to November, 1999. The experiment was laid out in Randornised Block Design with fourteen treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of physical, cultural and chemical methods of weed control alone or in combination. Unweeded check and completely weed free check were included as control treatments. 'Swetha' was the variety of brinjal used for the study. Results of the study revealed that grasses, broadleaved weeds and sedges competed with the brinjal crop. The weed intensity and distribution was found significantly influenced by the weed management practices included in the study. It was evident that weeds failed to emerge under the black polythene mulching and the few weeds recorded were those emerging from the planting hole. There was no distinguishable weed growth even from the planting hole beyond 30 days after transplanting (OAT). The farmers practice of giving two manual weeding at 15 and 30 OAT allowed unchecked weed growth upto 15 OAT, but had comparatively high weed control efficiency at later stages. Application of fluchloralin as pre-plant incorporation (PPI) was found to inhibit early emergence of grasses and broadleaved weeds, but gave poor control of sedges. Fluchloralin + one hand weeding at 20 OAT was found to give season long control of weeds and was a better option than fluchloralin alone and fluchloralin + smother cropping. The cultural practices of stale seed bed technique and smother cropping gave early season weed control but allowed weed emergence later and gave improved weed control efficiency when integrated with one hand weeding. The effect of glyphosate application also was found to respond in similar lines. The weed management practices were found to exert considerable influence on growth and yield characters of the crop. Under weed free situation the plant produced the highest number of branches and leaves and had the maximum number of flowers and fruit also. The crop yield was found to bear a direct positive correlation with the weed control efficiency of the management practices. Weedy check recorded the lowest yield and the yield losses worked out was 58.43 per cent. Excluding the weed free check, the yield loss was minimum under black polythene mulching followed by fluchloralin + one hand weeding. The most remunerative treatment was found to be fluchloralin + one hand weeding (T9) followed by two manual weeding (T3). The herbicides were found non persistent leaving little toxic residue in the soil after the experiment.Item Integrated nutrient management in brinjal(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1999) Rekha, S R; Meera Bai, MAn experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Vellayani during. the period from July to November, 1998. The objective of the experiment was to study the combined effect of organic manures, chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers on the productivity and quality of brinjal and to assess the possibility of substitution of fertilizers by organic manures and biofertilizers. Two sources of nitrogen, three types of organic manures, one Azospirillum treatment and two control treatments were tried in the experiment. The result of the study showed that growth characters viz., plant height, number of leaves and branches and LAI were significantly increased by poultry manure application. Integrated application of organic and inorganic sources recorded significantly higher values for all the growth characters. Yield attributes like time to 50 per cent flowering was considerably lowered by the application of 100 per cent organic source and by the poultry manure treatments. Poultry manure treated plots showed maximum number of flowers and fruits leading to maximum fruit set percentage. Marketable fruit yield per ha was found to be maximum for treatments receiving organic and inorganic sources at 1: 1 ratio and for poultry manure applied plots. The same trend was noticed in keeping quality of fruits at ambient temp~r.ature. The economics of cultivation revealed that whatever be the type of organic manure used, when it is applied along with chemical source in 1: 1 ratio the net returns and benefit cost ratio were maximum.Item Impact of organic sources of plant nutrients on yield and quality of brinjal(Department Of Olericulture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1998) Prasanna, K P; Rajan, SAn investigation on the "Impact of organic sources of plant nutrients on yield and quality of brinjal" was carried out at the College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara during 1993-1997. Results showed that yield attributes of brinjal like number of fruits, volume of fruits, yield per plant and yield per plot was maximum with highest level of poultry manure (155 Kg N ha-1) The crop duration as well as the number of harvests were significantly increased when poultry manure was applied at the highest level (155 kg N ha-1). Quality parameters like ascorbic acid and total soluble solids were maximum with the highest level of poultry manure. , The starch content as well as reducing sugar content of fruits were maximum with higher level of FYM and poultry manure while all the organic treatments were at par with regard to total sugars. Moisture content of fruits increased with increasing levels of N. The appearance, flavour, texture and taste of cooked fruits were superior from treatment involving lower level of poultry manure while the colour preference was for the fruits from treatments having inorganic fertilizers alone at lower level. Maximum per cent of unmarketable fruits after five days and seven days of storage was obtained from the plants supplied with inorganic fertilizers alone and minimum in plants given with organic manures alone. Seed characters like number of seeds per fruit, weight of seeds per fruit, seed yield per plant and germination per cent of seeds were maximum in treatments having higher level of poultry manure (155 kg N ha-1). Shoot and fruit borer attack was reduced with the application of FYM alone, while incidence of epilachna beetle was reduced with the application of FYM or poultry manure alone. Physical as well as chemical properties of soil in terms of bulk density, organic carbon, total N, available P and K were improved with the continuous application of organic manures alone. Total uptake of N, P and K were maximum for the plants applied with higher level of poultry manure. Poultry manure at higher level showed average stability with regard to almost all yield contributing characters. Brinjal cultivation was found to be more remunerative with the application of poultry manure at higher level (155 kg N ha-1) .Item Realised selection response under four methods of selection in third and fourth cycles in a set of brinjal lines(Department Of Olericulture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1985) Jessy Kutty, P C; Peter, K VSelection methods like mass, single plant, pure line and single seed descent were efficiently used to exploit the genetic variability present in the transgressive segregants of the brinjal line SM 6, keeping the bacterial wilt resistance of the population intact. The present study conducted at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, extended the comparison of the selection methods for further improvement of the eleven genetic groups within the line SM 6 for earliness and productive characters in the third and fourth cycles of selection. The criteria for selecting the elite plant types were fruits/plant and yield/plant. Observations were recorded on earliness, vegetative characters and productive characters. The eleven genetic groups were evaluated under each selection method for the characters under study. The genetic groups SM 6 – 2, SM 6 – 4, SM 6 – 7 and SM 6 - 1 were promising for fruits/plant and total yield/plant. Only promising lines were carried forward in the fourth cycle of selection. The relative efficiency of the four methods of selection to improve economic characters was critically examined. Being a cross pollinated crop mass selection and single plant selection were superior to pure line selection and single seed descent selection to improve economic characters. Genetic information like genotypic coefficient of variation, phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability in the broad sense, genetic advance and genetic advance as percentage of mean were higher for progenies developed through single plant selection. Realised genetic gain for economic characters as compared to the overall mean was positive for progenies developed through mass and single plant selection methods. The level of resistance of SM 6 to bacterial wilt, under four methods of selection, was assessed. Single seed descent and single plant selection methods were found effective in the fourth cycle of selection to improve level of resistance of SM 6 to bacterial wilt. When screened under field condition the line SM 6 – 7 was found immune to bacterial wilt, while the lines SM 6 – 2 and SM 6 – 4 were found highly resistant. Four resistant lines SM 45, SM 56, SM 71 and SM 74 were grown for comparison with SM 6. These lines were found moderately resistant and were late and low yielders.