1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Chitosan based coating for extending shelf life of banana(Department of Postharvest Management, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2024-12-24) Aparna, M.; Geetha Lakshmi, P RThe present investigation entitled ‘Chitosan based coating for extending shelf life of banana’ was conducted at Department of Postharvest Management, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the year 2022-2024 with the objective to evaluate edible coating with chitosan and papaya leaf extract as postharvest treatment for extension of shelf life and quality of nendran and red banana. Nendran banana bunches of uniform size and optimum maturity were dehanded and sanitised with ozonisation (2ppm). The ozonised fruits were dipped in different concentrations of edible coating with chitosan (0.25%, 0.5%. and 1%), papaya leaf extract (PLE 0.25%, 5% and 10%) and combinations of chitosan and papaya leaf extract for 10 minutes along with fruits without any treatment as control. The fruits were kept in CFB boxes and were evaluated for physical, physiological and sensory parameters at an interval of 2 days till the end of shelf life. Among the treatments, Nendran treated with chitosan 1% + PLE 10% recorded 70.28% pulp, 29.71% peel, 2.36 pulp to peel ratio, 22.43 °Brix TSS with the lowest decay percentage (37.50%), PLW (15.20%), highest marketability (74.00%), better colour and texture (5.64 N) with higher sensory scores after 12 days of storage and recorded an extended shelf life of 12.50 days compared to control (6.33 days). In chitosan treatments, nendran banana treated with chitosan 1% recorded 69.68% of pulp, 30.31% peel, pulp to peel ratio of 2.30, 21.46°Brix TSS with least decay percentage (58.20%), PLW (15.36%) highest marketability (41.80%), texture (7.00N), better colour and acceptable sensory scores at the end of shelf life of 10.00 days. Based on physical, physiological, biochemical and sensory qualities chitosan 1% + PLE 10% and chitosan 1% were selected for storage study along with salicylic acid (2mM) as postharvest treatments. The ozonised nendran fruits at optimum maturity were subjected to postharvest treatments as dipping for 10 minutes and were stored in CFB boxes at room temperature (28±2°C) and refrigerated storage (14±1°C) conditions along with untreated fruits as control. The fruits were analysed for physical, physiological, biochemical and 149 sensory qualities at an interval of 3 days in room temperature and 5 days in refrigerated storage respectively. The nendran banana treated with chitosan 1%+ PLE10% + SA 2mM recorded an extended shelf life of 15.16 days and recorded 70.21% of pulp, 29.78% peel, 2.34 pulp to peel ratio, TSS of 23.23°Brix with the lowest decay percentage (39.60%), PLW (15.11%), highest marketability (60.40%), texture (6.43 N), flavonoids (10.11 μg QUE g-1) with acceptable sensory scores under room temperature storage. Under refrigerated storage, nendran banana treated with chitosan 1%+PLE10%+ SA 2mM exhibited pulp % of 70.13, 29.87 % peel, pulp to peel ratio of 1.44, 21.58 °Brix TSS, TSS Acid ratio of 44.95, 13.15% total sugars, 10.58 % reducing sugars, 4.00% starch with least PLW (17.89%), decay percentage (20.23%), titratable acidity (0.48%), highest marketability (79.77 %), texture (5.34N), ascorbic acid (9.75 mg 100g-1) and flavonoids (11.00 μg QUE g-1) and better colour with acceptable sensory scores after 30 days of storage and extended shelf life of 29.50 days The experiment was conducted for Red banana and uniform sized and optimum maturity fruits after ozonisation (2ppm) were dipped for 10 minutes in different concentrations of chitosan (0.25%, 0.5%. and 1%), papaya leaf extract (0.25%, 5% and 10%) and combinations of chitosan and papaya leaf extract along with fruits without any treatment as control. The coated fruits were stored in CFB boxes at room temperature and evaluated for physical, physiological and sensory parameters at 2 days intervals till the end of shelf life. Among the treatments, Red banana treated with chitosan 0.5%+PLE 10% extended shelf life of 11.33 days, as compared to 5.06 days of shelf life in the untreated fruits, with pulp to peel ratio of 2.22, 20.29 °Brix TSS with the least PLW (14.13 %) and highest texture (10.00 N), and better colour with acceptable sensory scores after 10 days of storage. Among chitosan treatments, red banana treated with chitosan 0.5% exhibited TSS (21.13°Brix) with least decay percentage (30.67%), PLW (14.96%), highest marketability (69.33%), better colour and texture (8.83 N) with higher sensory scores with a shelf life of 10.06 days. The chitosan 0.5%+PLE 10% and chitosan 0.5% were selected as the best treatments for storage studies along with salicylic acid (2mM) and the postharvest treated red banana 150 fruits were stored in CFB boxes at room temperature (28±2°C) and refrigerated storage (14±1°C) conditions till the end of shelf life. The effectiveness of the treatments was observed based on physical, physiological, biochemical and sensory qualities at an interval of 3 days at room temperature and 5 days in refrigerated storage, respectively. At room temperature, red banana treated with chitosan 0.5%+PLE10%+ SA 2mM exhibited pulp % of 70.03, 2.34 pulp to peel ratio, 8.28% reducing sugars, 20.42 °Brix TSS with least decay percentage (16.67 %), highest marketability (83.33%), better colour, texture (6.40 N), ascorbic acid (9.43 mg 100g-1) and flavonoids (11.95 μg QUE g-1) with higher sensory scores after 12 days of storage and extended shelf life of 11.66 days compared to control (5.00 days). At refrigerated storage, red banana treated with chitosan 0.5%+PLE10%+ SA 2mM recorded pulp % of 70.48%, 2.38 pulp to peel ratio, 11.24 % reducing sugars, 21.56°Brix TSS with least decay percentage (13.12 %), PLW (9.68%), highest marketability (86.88%), better colour and texture (6.85 N), ascorbic acid (7.68 mg 100g-1) and flavonoids (9.56 μg QUE g-1) with acceptable sensory scores after 35 days of storage with an extended shelf life of 34.66 days compared to untreated fruits which recorded a shelf life of 18.66 days. Based on physical, physiological, biochemical and sensory qualities it is revealed that chitosan based edible coating extended the shelf life and quality of nendran and red banana. The postharvest treatment of chitosan 1%+PLE 10% was the best treatment for extending shelf life and quality of nendran banana whereas chitosan 0.5%+PLE 10% was found as the best concentration for red banana fruits. The postharvest treatment with chitosan 1%+PLE10%+SA 2mM for 10 minutes recorded as the best combination for nendran banana which recorded a shelf life of 15.16 days and 29.50 days under room temperature and refrigerated storage respectively. The red banana fruits treated with chitosan 0.5%+PLE10%+SA 2mM was standardized as the best postharvest treatment which extended the shelf life under room temperature and refrigerated storage conditions as 11.66 days and 34.66 days respectively, with better quality.Item Growth responses in Curcuma longa L. to application of chitin and chitosan(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-05-06) Karthika ThankachanThe present study entitled “Growth responses in Curcuma longa L. to application of chitin and chitosan” was conducted at the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2020-2023 with the objective to evaluate plant growth, yield and curcumin content of Curcuma longa L. in response to soil application of biopolymers, chitin and its deacetylated derivative, chitosan. The planting material of turmeric variety Sona for the study was procured from College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara. The rhizomes were cut into small bits of 8-10g, each consisting of two buds and were sown in protrays. After 30 days, the plantlets were transplanted to growbags. Chitin was applied to potting media and chitosan solution was applied as soil drenching (SD) at varying concentrations and frequencies viz., at transplanting (0 MAT) and 60 days after transplanting (2 MAT), to study the growth responses in C. longa. A foliar spray (FS) with chitosan @ 0.1% at monthly intervals was given as positive control. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with ten treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of chitin 10 g per plant applied at 0 MAT (T1), chitin 10 g per plant applied at 0 MAT and 2 MAT (T2), chitin 15 g per plant applied at 0 MAT (T3), chitin 15 g per plant applied at 0 MAT and 2 MAT (T4), chitosan 0.2 % SD at 0 MAT (T5), chitosan 0.2 % SD at 0 MAT and 2 MAT (T6), chitosan 0.6 % SD at 0 MAT (T7), chitosan 0.6 % SD at 0 MAT and 2 MAT (T8), chitosan 0.10% FS at monthly intervals (T9) and absolute control without chitin or chitosan (T10). The observations on plant growth parameters viz., plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers and leaf area were recorded at monthly intervals from 0 to 6 MAT. These parameters showed significant variation among the treatments. At 6 MAT, T9 recorded maximum plant height (116.76 cm) which was observed to be on par with T3. The number of leaves (24.95) and leaf area (896.27 cm 2 ) were also observed to be maximum in T9 which was on par with T3 and T4. T9 reported maximum number of tillers (6.83) also. The data on rhizome and root parameters were recorded at harvest. The rhizome spread (25.48 cm) and thickness (3.79 cm) were found to be maximum in T9 and was on par with T2, T3 and T4. The application of chitin and chitosan did not influence root length and root spread of turmeric rhizome. The root weight was found highest in T9 (fresh - 29.58 g plant-1 and dry – 13.66 g plant-1 ), which was on par with T1, T2, T3 and T4. The effect of chitin and chitosan application on chlorophyll content and defense enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) were recorded at 4 and 6 MAT. T9 exhibited higher leaf chlorophyll, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase content at both the stages. The quality parameters viz., carbohydrate, volatile oil, oleoresin, curcumin content of turmeric rhizome were found to be significantly influenced by the application of chitin and chitosan. The carbohydrate content was also observed to be higher in T9 (14.49 mg g-1 ) and was on par with T3 and T4. T9 reported the highest volatile oil (5.13 %), oleoresin (13.30 %) and curcumin (8.06 %) content, which was found to be on par with T1, T2, T3 and T4. The population of beneficial microorganisms present in the plant root zone was significantly influenced by the application of chitin and chitosan. T4 recorded the highest nitrogen fixing bacterial count (72.20 x 103 cfu g-1 soil). The largest population of phosphate solubilizers (7.10 x 103 cfu g-1 soil) was also recorded in T4, which was on par with T3 and T8. The chitin and chitosan treatments significantly influenced the yield parameters of turmeric. The number, length, girth and weight of mother, primary and secondary rhizomes were found to be highest in T9. The number of fingers were found to be the highest in T3 (32.27) which was on par with T9 (31.40). T9 recorded significantly higher fresh (504.93 g plant-1 ) and dry (137.23 g plant-1 ) rhizome yield. Total dry matter content (191.27 g plant-1 ) was found to be the highest in T9. This value was on par with T3. The uptake of N and P was found to be significantly higher in T3 and T9. There was no significant variation among the treatments in the uptake of K. The harvest index of turmeric plants showed significant variation among the treatments. The harvest index was reported to be the highest in T9. Among the various treatments tried, significantly higher benefit cost ratio (1.88) was observed with T9. In the study, among the treatments involving foliar and soil application of chitin and chitosan, the foliar spray of 0.1% chitosan at monthly intervals exhibited the best results in terms of growth, metabolite production, yield and benefit cost ratio. On comparing the soil application of chitin and chitosan, chitin 15 g per plant applied at transplanting showed better performance with respect to growth, metabolite production and yield. This treatment (T3), though followed chitosan foliar spray with respect to yield, was observed to be on par with respect to quality parameters. All the treatments involving chitin application gave better performance in terms of yield and quality (volatile oil, oleoresin and curcumin content) over the control and in comparison to the soil application of chitosan. Based on the observations of the present