1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Ex vitro establishment of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2004) Sheena, A; Sheela, V LStudies were conducted to standardize ex vitro establishment techniques in Gladiolus grandiflorus L. variety Vinks Glory during 2002-2004 in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The effects of various potting media (sand, soilrite, sand: soil, sand: soil: coirpith, sand: soil: leaf mould), triazole (0, 4 and 8 mg/l), mycorrhizae (Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus monosporum) and height of potting media in the container (4 and 6 cm) on ex vitro establishment of the micropropagated plantlets were studied. Among the different potting media used for ex vitro establishment, soilrite recorded higher survival rates of 86.11 and 80.55 per cent after the first and second fortnight respectively. Triazole application improved the survival rate over non-treated plants. Triazole at 4 and 8 mg/l concentrations recorded 54.16 and 55.83 per cent survival respectively after one month of planting. The two mycorrhizal fungi tried in the study exerted differential effect on survival. Colonization of the roots by mycorrhizal inoculation was found to be high and this enhanced the survival rate of plantlets. Leaf number and plant height was found to be affected by triazole application. Triazole treated plants exhibited a decrease in number of leaves and a reduced plant height due to its growth retarding action which in turn resulted in reduced leaf area index. Triazole application delayed leaf production of plants due to inhibition of leaf expansion. Fresh weight, dry weight, CGR and RGR were found to be high in treatments with triazole application. Growth of mycorrhizal fungi was affected by different potting media. But triazole treatment did not affect the colonization of AMF. Among the two mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus fasciculatum inoculated plants exhibited higher plant height, increased number of roots, delayed emergence of leaf and low stomatal conductance. A decrease in stomatal conductance observed during the later stages of planting out indicate the acclimatization of the plantlets to the ex vitro conditions. Potting media, triazole, mycorrhizae and their interactions affected the stomatal conductance significantly. Height of potting media in the container did not influence the survival and growth parameters. The estimated cost of hardened plants ranged from Rs. 4.50 to 5.25. Eventhough the cost is higher than that of conventional propagation method, this can satisfy the need for large scale production of disease free planting material.Item Standardisation of shade requirement in dendrobium(Department Of Pomology And Floriculture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2001) Sheron Fernandez; Sobhana, AAn experiment was carried out in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, during 2000-2001, to standardize the shade requirement for Dendrobium variety Sonia Born J 0 and Renappa. The effect of different levels of shade on the morphological characters, flower production and quality of flowers were assessed. Results revealed that the different levels of shade significantly influenced the morphological characters of the plant, viz., plant height, shoot production, internodal length, leaf production and leaf area. Maximum plant height was obtained for fifty per cent double level shading. With respect to shoot production, 25 and 35 per cent double levels of shade performed better. The length of the internode was maximum for 50 per cent double level shading. Highest leaf production was noticed in 35 per cent double level shading which was statistically on par with 50 per cent double level of shade. Flower quality and flower production were markedly influenced by shade. Earliness in flowering was observed for those treatments receiving more light condition. Twenty five per cent single level shading was the earliest to flower in the group, while the longevity of the spike on the plant was more in 50 per cent single and double levels of shade. Vase life was significantly high in 25 per cent (15.50 days) and 50 per cent (14.88 days) double levels of shade. Longest spike was obtained in 50 per cent single level shading, while the length of the rachis was maximum in 50 per cent double level shading. Fifty per cent single level shading was distinctly superior to all other treatments with respect to the number of flowers per spike. Maximum spike production was noticed in 25 per cent double level shading. Anthocyanin content in flowers was found maximum under 50 per cent double level shading. Total chlorophyll and its components 'a' and 'b' in the leaf were significantly influenced by the different shade levels. Highest content of chlorophyll 'a' was obtained in 50 per cent double level shading, while chlorophyll 'b' and total were maximum for thirty five per cent double level shading. Dry matter accumulation was maximum under 25 per cent double level shading. Nutrient content within the plant indicated an influential effect of shade. Total nitrogen and phosphorus content were maximum in fifty per cent double level shading. Thirty five per cent single level shade had maximum potassium content. A similar trend was observed in the uptake of nutrients also.Item In vitro clonal propagation of two promising gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflourus L.) varieties(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2001) Priyakumari, I; Sheela, V LStudies were conducted to evolve protocol for the in vitro clonal propagation of Gladiolus grandiflorus L. varieties during 2000-2001 in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. Two varieties Peach Blossom and Tropic Seas were selected for the study. Cormels were used as explant. The effects of culture medium (basal medium, strength of MS basal medium, mode of culture, plant growth substances, carbon sources, activated charcoal, solidifying agent, amino acids and coconut water) and culture conditions on in vitro shoot proliferation via enhanced release of axillary buds were studied. MS medium supplemented with kinetin 2.00 mg I-I and NAA 0.10 mg I-I induced earliest bud initiation in both the cultivars, in the initial culture establishment medium. Highest shoot proliferation In both the varieties was obtained In full strength solid MS medium supplemented with BA 4.00 mg r', NAA 0.50 mg r' and sucrose 40.00 g r ' under light. In vitro rooting in cultivar Peach Blossom was best obtained In MS medium supplemented with IBA 2.00 mg r ' and sucrose 30.00 g r '. In the cultivar Tropic Seas, in vitro rooting was best in MS medium supplemented with IAA 2.00 mg r ' and sucrose 40.00 g r '. The different levels of agar tried had no significant effect on multiple shoot proliferation. Similarly activated charcoal, coconut water and amino acids (glycine and arginine) had no beneficial effect on multiple shoot proliferation. Ex vitro rooting studies were not successful. Planting out of in vitro rooted plantlets in sand soil (2 1) media recorded a survival rate of 100.00 per cent, after 15 days.Item Supplementry effect of biofertilizers in dendrobium(Department Of Pomology And Floriculture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2003) Binisha, S; Jyothi BhaskerStudies on "Supplementary effect of biofertilizers in Dendrobium" were carried out in the orchidarium of All India Co-ordinated Floriculture Improvement Project, Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during the period from July 2002 to August 2003. The study was conducted using Dendrobium var. Sonia 17, with the main objective of determinjng the effect of biofertilizers on growth and flowering of Dendrobium in combination with inorganic fertilizers. Results revealed that, different treatments involving combinations of biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers highly influenced the growth characters of the plant. The plant height obtained was the highest for NPK 10:5:10 along with Azospirillum. This treatment also improved vegetative characters like number of leaves per plant, number of leafy shoots, girth of shoot and internodal length. Maximum number of pseudobulbs was obtained for the treatment receiving NPK 10:5: 1 0 inoculated with Azospirillum and phosphobacteria at the time of planting. Root characters and dry matter production were markedly influenced by biofertilizer treatments. Root length and root number were found to be the highest for the treatment receiving 20: 1 0: 1 0 NPK along with Azospirillum, phosphobacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. These three biofertilizers along with 10:5: 10 NPK yielded the highest root volume. Dry matter production at the time of flowering was markedly influenced by biofertilizer application. Treatment receiving 20: 1 0: 1 0 NPK along with Azospirillum and phosphobacteria recorded the highest value for dry matter production. Plants. which were inoculated with Azospirillum at the time of planting and sprayed with 20: 1 0: 1 0 NPK at 0.2 per cent concentration, came to flowering early, produced larger flowers, lengthy spikes and more number of flowers per spike. Number of spikes per plant, colour variation, spike internodal length, pedicel length and longevity of spike on the plant were not found to be influenced by biofertilizer application. Significant incidence of pests and diseases were not noticed during the period under study. Nutrient content in the plant was found to be influenced by the biofertilizers applied. The plants inoculated with, both the biofertilizers, Azospirillum and phosphobacteria and sprayed with 20:10:10 NPK at 0.2 per cent concentration recorded higher values for the nutrients analysed. The microbial population estimated at the post-experimental stage recorded ,- the presence of Azospirillum and phosphobacteria even after 12 MAP in soil less media but AMF spores were found to be absent. From this trial conducted, an indication is obtained that, Azospirillum and phosphobacteria can survive in a soil less media and these biofertilizers in combination with inorganic nutrients can improve both vegetative and flowering characters in orchid. This piece of information can be very well utilized for carrying out further studies in this line, so that an economically feasible and eco-friendly nutrient formulation can be developed for the. benefit of the orchid growers.Item Orchid and anthurium industry in Kerala(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1999) Prakash Kumar Karn; Indira Devi, POrchid and anthurium are identified as the most important flowers with commercial potential suitable for the state. Present study was aimed to investigate the economics of commercial production and marketing of orchid and anthurium in Kerala and to identify the constraints and analyze future prospects of these two crops in the State. The study was conducted with a sample of 80 growers for each crop. Percentage analysis and capital productivity analysis were used to analyze the data. Orchid and anthurium growing units have been studied across three scales of operation, viz., small (upto 500 plants: G-I), medium (500 to 1000 plants: G-II) and large (above 1000 plants: G-I1I) for a standard of 100 plants in each categories. 1. Orchid Total cost of cultivation for five years was estimated to be Rs. 17,471 of which about 57.28 per cent was the establishment cost. Per unit cost of cultivation is found increasing towards smaller scale of operation. The total return realized over crop life is found to be about Rs. 36,088. Higher returns were realized from larger scale of operation - varying from Rs. 33,240 to Rs. 40,060. The estimated project worth parameters were well above acceptance level in all the groups. On an average, pay back period was estimated as three years, net present value as Rs. 9,345, benefit cost ratio as 1.61 and the internal rate of return as 39 per cent. 2. Anthurium. Per unit cost of cultivation of anthurium was little higher than that of orchid and showed similar cost structure and increasing pattern towards smaller groups. Total cost of cultivation for five years was estimated to be Rs. 19,153, about 57.28 per cent of which was the establishment cost. The total return realized over crop life was found to be Rs. 46,236. It varied from Rs. 43,474 to Rs. 53,037 in different scales of operation. The pay back period of anthurium enterprise was also estimated to be between two and three years, net present worth as Rs. 13,767, benefit . cost ratio as 1.82 and internal rate of return as 43 per cent. Capital productivity analysis of orchid and anthurium showed both the enterprises to be profitable at all the levels (scale of operation), however, larger units were seen comparatively more efficient and profitable than smaller ones. In both orchid and anthurium, on an average, female labour force contributed about two-third of the tota1labour use. Proportions of female labour as well as family labour were found higher towards smaller scale of operation. Sensitivity analysis revealed that orchid and anthurium farming are capable of remaining profitable even if the costs increase by 20 per cent. A decline of 20 per cent in benefits turned the smallest sized group (G-I) of orchid uneconomic, though all other groups in both flower crops performed well. A decline in benefit is observed to have more adverse influence on project worthiness of both the crops than increase in costs by same percentage. Marketing of both the flowers was almost similar as they were usually sold together. Out of four marketing channels identified, the most important one was "Producer ---+ Local florist ---+ Consumers", through which bulk of the produce moved. The most significant problem faced by orchid and anthurium growers, especially smaller sized units, was irregular market for their products. High level of intra-farm varietal diversity resulted in non- uniform flowers which are in inadequate quantity. Effective production planning and marketing management are the key sectors of development.Item Nutrition of tissue-cultured plants of dendrobium sonia-17(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1999) Uma Maheswari, R; Sabina George, TThe present study was undertaken to evolve the nutrient dosage combination which will produce maximum vegetative growth of tissue-cultured and ex vitro established Dendrobium Sonia - 17 plants. The experiment was conducted from October 1997 to June 1998. The varying nutrient dosages selected were 2.0, 6.0 and 10.0 mg of N, P and K at different combinations. Nitrogen at 6.0 mg per plant increased the plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of back bulbs and length of roots. Up to 90 DAP 2.0 mg of N found to increase the stem girth and after that 6.0 mg found to be favourable. Number of roots was greater with 2.0 mg of N. Phosphorus had less influence on growth. 6.0 mg of P increases the stem girth and number of back bulbs at early stages. 2.0 mg of potassium had influence on the plant height, number of leaves, number of backbulbs and number of roots. Interaction between the nutrient were also observed. 6.0 mg of N and P influenced the fresh weight and 10.0 mg of N and P the dry weight. The nutrient composition of the plants was enhanced by 10.0 mg of N, 6.0 mg of P and 10.0 mg of K. Based on the observed effects of nutrition on Dendrobium Sonia - 17 plants, a nutrient dosage of2.0 mg each of N, P and K from three to six months age of ex vitro stage, 6.0, 2.0 and 2.0 mg of N, P and K from six to nine months age, 6.0 mg of N, 2.0 to 6.0 mg of P and 2.0 mg of K from nine to twelve months age can be recommended. F or plants above one year age a dosage of 6.0, 6.0 and 2.0 mg of N, P and K can be recommended for maximum vegitative growth.Item Biology and management of orchid pests(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1998) Sajitha Kumari; Lyla, K RItem Enhancement of postharvest life of dendrobium flower(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1997) Jomy, T G; Sabina George, T