1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Assessment of baseflow for micro watersheds in the midland of Kerala(Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Kelappagi College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology , Tavanur, 2024-03-11) Diya, N Sabu.; Sathian, K KA study was conducted to quantify baseflow deriving from the micro watersheds of river Bharathapuzha lying near Valanchery town in the Malappuram district of Kerala, named as Perassannur watershed (W1) and Painkannur watershed (W2 Various baseflow separation methods such as graphical methods including straight line, fixed base and constant base methods; UKIH and digital filter methods including Lyne and Hollick (LH) and Chapman and Maxwell (CM) methods were used for the quantification of baseflow. Their performance evaluations were done to find the best suitable method for the selected study area. Micro watersheds were delineated from SRTM DEM using GIS software and their geographical areas were found for both the watersheds. Daily rainfall and stream flow were measured for both the micro watersheds by digital rainfall event recorder and area velocity method respectively. Morphometry of the study watersheds in terms of areal, linear and relief aspects; and land use and soil analysis were made in the GIS platform to gain insights into the parameters influencing the baseflow generation process. Graphical and statistical comparisons were performed among the methods to identify the best filter parameters for different filtering methods to make the baseflow separation process more accurate and acceptable. Morphometric analysis showed that the maximum stream order of Perassannur is 5 and Painkannur 4, and both of them have dendritic drainage pattern. Most of the area of the watersheds was covered by cropland and paddy fields, which facilitated the baseflow production. The value of N in the UKIH method was found as 4 in Perassannur and 3 in the Painkannur watersheds. Filter parameters of the digital filter method were determined using the procedure given by Cheng 2016 and estimated as 0.70 for Perassannur and 0.79 for Painkannur, and compared their performance with the often used filter parameters with the values of 0.850 and 0.925 in which 0.925 gave better results than the computed values for both watersheds. Estimated baseflow values for each method were statistically compared with the observed base flow values to find the best suitable method. Among the different filter methods, the LH method showed better accuracy than other methods while the variable slope method has come out as the most inaccurate procedure to estimate baseflow in the study region.Item Screw press for cocoa butter extraction(Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology. , Tavanur, 2024-03-06) Shamna, N P; Rajesh, G KCocoa butter is a natural fat extracted from cocoa beans. It is one of the main components of chocolate and is known for its unique creamy texture and flavour. To obtain cocoa butter, cocoa pods are first harvested from the cocoa tree and then cocoa beans are separated, fermented and dried. Afterward, the beans are roasted, which helps the development of their characteristic flavour. The roasted beans are then cracked using cocoa bean sheller and the cocoa nibs are separated from the cocoa shell by using winnowing machine. The nibs are then processed to separate the cocoa solids from cocoa butter. Most common method used for the cocoa butter extraction is hydraulic press, which is suitable for large scale cocoa processing. Extraction of cocoa butter is the main problem encountered in the small scale processing of cocoa beans. Hence this study is proposed to develop a suitable equipment system for small scale cocoa processing of cocoa beans. The study mainly concentrated on the development of a screw press type extraction unit for the separation of cocoa butter from cocoa nibs. The developed cocoa butter extractor consists of feed hopper, screw shaft, barrel/expelling chamber, control unit, oil outlet and cake outlet. The extraction of cocoa butter from cocoa nibs is performed by the combined action of temperature and pressure generated inside the barrel. As the material moves, the increasing screw diameter towards the outlet and decreasing volume between barrel and screw result in increased pressure within the press chamber, which ultimately separate the cocoa butter from cocoa nibs. In this study, three different process parameters with three levels were selected for the extraction of cocoa butter viz. barrel temperature (80, 100 and120°C), screw speed (50, 70 and 90rpm) and feed rate (2,3 and 4kg/hr) were optimised using Box-Behnken technique combined with response surface methodology. The optimized process parameters obtained for cocoa butter extraction were barrel temperature (100°C), screw speed (50rpm) and feed rate (4kg/hr). A maximum yield of 40 per cent of cocoa butter could be extracted at optimum condition. Characteristic study of cocoa butter and cocoa powder were carried out to obtain the quality as well as the proximate composition. The shelf life study of cocoa butter was done in polyethylene pouch of 80 micron thickness for a period of 3 months. Various quality parameters of stored butter were determined at regular interval of 30 days for 3 months. The cocoa butter quality parameters viz., iodine number, moisture content, peroxide value, free fatty acid (FFA) and water activity were within the allowable limits even after 3 months of storage. The total production cost of 1kg of cocoa butter was found to be Rs. 788. The developed cocoa butter extractor is economically feasible and commercially exploitable.Item Studies on combined technologies of pulsed electric field and microwave assisted process for extraction of pectin from jackfruit rind and core(Department of processing and food engineering, Kelappaji college of Agricultural engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2020) Nandhu Lal, A M; Prince, M VItem Performance and ergonomic evaluation of direct pady seeder and mechanical rice transplanter in wet lands(Department of Farm Power Machinery and Energy, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2013) Rathod Sachin Ravsu; Sureshkumar, P KItem Development and evaluation of modified atmosphere packed passion fruit(Passiflora edulis)(Department of Post harvest technology and agricultural processingKelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2012) Madhana Supriya, R; Sudheer, K PItem Estimation of soil moisture indices using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(Kelappaji college of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2019) Sarathjith, M C; Anu VarugheseRapid and reliable estimation of soil moisture constants namely, field capacity (FC) and wilting point (WP) is significant for scientific irrigation scheduling. The conventional methods for their estimation are cumbersome, time consuming and not suitable for their estimation at different space and time domains. An alternative would be the use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) for which the development of calibration functions that link the soil attributes with spectral signature is a major pre-requisite. In this study, the utility of spectral index, feature projection of full-spectrum and variable selection approaches namely, normalized difference reflectance index (NDRI), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and ordered predictor, selection (OPS), respectively to build accurate and less complex calibration functions was evaluated. The performance of calibration functions were judged in terms residual prediction deviation (RPD) criteria. The NDRI based calibration functions developed in this study do not comply witli the minimum accuracy level (RPD<1.4) expected from DRS analysis. In contrast, both full-spectrum based PLSR and OPS approaches yielded calibration functions which were capable for accurate (RPD>2.0) and moderate (1.42.0) estimation of FC and WP, respectively. Specifically, the full-spectrum based calibration function developed using second derivative of reflectance was found to be the best for both FC (RPD=2.01) and WP (RPD=1.74). The OPS approach in conjunction with variable indicators namely, combination of regression & correlation coefficient (/?- r) and combination of adjacency values of mutual information & signal-to-noise vector (AMl-StN) yielded best calibration functions in case of FC and WP, respectively. The calibration functions so developed consisted of only 19.09% (FC) and 34.39% (WP) of total number of spectral vaiiables as that in full-spectrum. Thus, the result of the study advocate the use of OPS approach to develop simple and parsimonious calibration functions to estimate FC and WP from spectral signature of soil.