1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Floral induction and seed yield in amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.) as influenced by plant growth regulators
    (Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture ,Vellayani, 2023-03-20) Sreelakshmi, S; Sarada, S
    The project entitled "Floral induction and seed yield in amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.) as influenced by plant growth regulators" was carried out at the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2020–2022, to study the effect of different plant growth regulators on floral induction in the amaranthus variety KAU Vaika, a short day cultivar, during non-inductive period, for seed production. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Treatments consisted of three foliar spray intervals (10 days after transplanting, 20 days after transplanting, and 30 days after transplanting) in the main plot and four growth regulators in two different concentrations consisting of eight treatments (BA at 50 and 100 ppm, GA3 at 50 and 100 ppm, TIBA at 100 and 200 ppm and Triacontanol at 50 and 100 ppm) in the subplot. Observations on vegetative, flowering, yield and seed quality characters were recorded. Foliar spray application interval at 10 days after transplanting resulted in the highest growth characters in amaranthus, such as stem girth (6.40 cm), internodal length (5.16 cm) and number of braches per plant (11.44) whereas at 20 days after transplanting the total leaf weight (493.52 g) and total stem weight (334.10 g) were highest. The foliar spray application interval at 20 days after transplanting resulted in the earliest days to first flowering (114.72 days), earliest seed maturity (161.07 days), and longest terminal panicle (24.92 cm). The yield characters like seed yield per plant of 6.65 g was highest for foliar spray at 30 days after transplanting. Significant difference could not be recorded in main plot treatments for growth characters like plant height, fresh yield, leaf to stem ratio, leaf node to first inflorescence and height at first flowering and seed quality characters like seed recovery percent, percent of chaffy seeds, percent of bold seeds, 1000 seed weight and germination percent except for the chaffy weight per plant (30.77 g), which was lowest for foliar spray at 10 days after transplanting. The highest plant height (86.27 cm), internodal length (6.44 cm) and stem weight (384.09 g) were recorded in plants treated with GA3 at 50 ppm, while the longest 128 terminal panicle (28.09 cm) was recorded with the application of GA3 at 100 ppm. Plants treated with BA at 50 ppm and 100 ppm recorded the highest leaf weight (533.61 g) and stem girth (6.84 cm), respectively. The highest number of branches per plant (13.78), earliest emergence of the first flower (70.57 days) and earliest seed maturity (116.68 days) were recorded with the application of TIBA at 100 ppm. Yield characters like yield per plant (982.26 g) were highest for plants treated with BA at 100 ppm, while the highest seed yield per plant (8.91 g) and lowest chaffy weight per plant (34.41 g) were recorded for the foliar spray treatment of triacontanol at 50 ppm. On analysing the interaction between foliar spray application interval and concentrations of growth regulators, the highest growth characters were observed on plants treated with BA or GA3, 10 days after transplanting. Growth characters like internodal length and plant height were observed the highest with the application of GA3 at 50 ppm and 100 ppm respectively at 10 days after transplanting, while the longest terminal panicle (29.50 cm) was recorded for GA3 at 100 ppm at 30 days after transplanting. The highest stem girth of 8.44 cm was recorded for BA 100 ppm, 10 days after transplanting whereas the highest leaf weight of 693.30 g was recorded for BA 100 ppm, 20 days after transplanting. TIBA at 100 ppm, 20 days after transplanting recorded the earliest flowering (52.60 days) and seed maturity (97.94 days) while TIBA 100 ppm, 10 days after transplanting recorded the highest number of branches per plant (17.60). Yield characters like yield per plant (1115.22 g) was recorded the highest for BA 100 ppm, 20 days after transplanting while seed yield per plant (10.54 g) was the highest for triacontanol 50 ppm, 30 days after transplanting. Significant interaction could not be observed for seed quality characters except for the chaffy weight per plant (28.60 g), which was the lowest for TIBA 200 ppm, 10 days after transplanting. The results of this experiment suggested that tri-iodobenzoic acid (TIBA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and triacontanol have the capacity to trigger off-season flowering in the amaranthus variety KAU Vaika. Application of TIBA and GA3 at 100 ppm, 20 days after transplanting could potentially cause early flowering, whereas the application of Triacontanol at 50 ppm, 30 days after transplanting resulted in the highest seed yield per plant.
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    Evaluation of STCR based targeted yield equations of amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.) in southern laterite soils of (AEU-8) of Kerala
    (Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2023-05-06) Dara Hadassah Eunice; Visveswaran, S
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    Efficacy of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs for the management of leaf blight disease in Amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.)
    (Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture,Vellanikkara, 2023) Rengima Nambiar; Yamini Varma, C K
    Amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.), ("poor man's spinach") is one of the widely cultivated tropical leafy vegetables of Southern India. It is attacked by the most destructive disease, leaf blight by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, causing more than 90 per cent of yield loss. Chemical management of this pathogen causes health hazards due to pesticide residue. PPFM naturally occurring on the phyllosphere of amaranthus have great value in giving protection against leaf diseases, on which no detailed systematic studies have been conducted in Kerala. In this context, the present study was undertaken with the objectives of identification of Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs (PPFM) from amaranthus phyllosphere and to evaluate their efficiency for the management of leaf blight disease in amaranthus. The experiment was carried out in Pepper Research Station, Panniyur, during March 2022 – November 2022. Purposive sampling surveys were conducted in amaranthus growing fields of five different AEUs in Kannur district of Kerala viz.Thalassery, Kuttiyattoor, Panniyur, Punnad and Kanichar from April to May, 2022. The disease incidence and severity were maximum in the Kuttiyattoor area with 89.40 and 74.60 per cent, respectively. The fungus was isolated from leaf samples and the pathogenicity was proved. Symptomatology was studied both under natural and artificial conditions. The fungus was characterized and identified as Rhizoctonia sp. by studying their cultural and morphological characteristics. Highly virulent isolate, LB-3 was selected for further studies. PCR amplification of large subunit (LSU) region of the fungal genome followed by sequencing and in silico analysis confirmed that the suspected fungus, LB3 as Rhizoctonia solani. A total of 10 isolates of Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs (PPFM) from amaranthus phyllosphere were isolated and cultural, morphological and biochemical characterization was done. All the isolates were screened for their antagonistic potential against selected R. solani using dual culture technique. PPFM-2 and PPFM-5 showed 53.18 and 53.69 (in solid medium) and 77.77 and 74.04 (in liquid broth) per cent inhibition respectively. Hence, these two most promising isolates were selected for further field studies. The bacterial isolates PPFM-2 and PPFM-5 were confirmed as Microbacterium testaceum and Methylobacterium hispanicum through the amplification of 16S rRNA region of the genome followed by sequencing and in silico analysis. Under in vitro conditions, antagonistic activity of PPFM-2 and PPFM-5 were compared with biocontrol agents, botanical and fungicide against R. solani. Dual culture assay showed that PPFM-2 (52.77 %) and PPFM-5 (53.88 %) were more effective than Pseudomonas fluorescens (43.42 %) and less effective than Trichoderma asperellum (72.50 %) for inhibition of R. solani. Poisoned food technique showed that PPFM-2 and PPFM-5 were in line with mancozeb 75 WP, as both showed 100 per cent inhibition to R. solani. And they were more effective than Raksha at 0.6 (36.00 %), 1.0 (74.40 %) and 2.0 (82.20 %) per cent concentration. Efficacy of selected strains of PPFMs (M. testaceum and M. hispanicum), biocontrol agents (T. asperellum and P. fluorescens), botanical (Ready to Use Neem Oil Garlic Soap, Raksha) and fungicide (Mancozeb 75 WP) against R. solani under field conditions were tested. The natural disease incidence in the field was delayed to 28 days by M. hispanicum and to 23 days by M. testaceum. Maximum per cent reduction over control for disease incidence and disease severity was showed by M. testaceum and M. hispanicum. Biometric observations at 30, 45 and 65 days after transplanting, showed maximum increase over control for plant height, number of leaves per plant, fresh and dry weight of shoots and shoot root ratio in PPFM treated plots. In contrast, the root length as well as fresh and dry weight of roots were maximum in P. fluorescens treatment. Recording the PPFM population in the phyllosphere at harvest, it is revealed that plants with the highest population of PPFM displayed significantly enhanced biometric characters as compared to plants with a substantially lower population.
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    Assessment of greenhouse cultivation problems in Kerala
    (Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, KCAET, Tavanur, 2021) Deepthi S Nair; Jinu, A
    Greenhouses are framed or inflated structure covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity. Greenhouse have many advantages and some limitations also. Due to this farmer are abandoning this cultivation method citing crop failures after the initial phase. Thus, a survey was conducted to explore the reasons of failures of greenhouse farmers in Kerala covering all fourteen districts. Major problem faced by farmers was crop failure due to ageing of cladding material. So that fungal growth and dust deposit over the cladding material reduce the light transmission to the greenhouse which affect its microclimate and growth and yield parameters. To prove this, a field experiment was conducted during the period from April to June 2021 in the instructional farm of KCAET, Tavanur, Kerala. CO-1(Amaranthus green variety) was planted inside both cleaned greenhouse and uncleaned greenhouse (greenhouse without cleaned cladding material) and compared the microclimate and performance of Amaranthus in both conditions. Mean monthly values of light intensity and temperature were higher inside the cleaned greenhouse than the uncleaned one while relative humidity was higher inside the old greenhouse. Thus, crop growth parameters like plant height, number of leaves, number of branches and average yield per plant were higher inside the cleaned greenhouse than the old one whereas the inter nodal length of the plant was higher inside the old greenhouse. From this experiment, it was clear that the aging of cladding material has much influence on crop performance under the greenhouse. Other major problems faced by farmers were a decrease in soil fertility, Fungal/Insect attack inside the greenhouse, high maintenance cost 101 and structural problems of greenhouse, no demand and marketing facility of greenhouse products, etc. From the statistical analysis of survey details, it was clear that farmers are not satisfied with the greenhouse.
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    Evaluation of biostimulants in growbag culture of organic Amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.)
    (Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2020) Sherinlincy, A; Refeekher, M
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    Intercropping vegetables in baby corn (Zea mays L.)
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2020) Anna Emmanuel; Rajasree, G
    The study entitled “Intercropping vegetables in baby corn (Zea mays L.)’’ was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2018-20 to investigate the feasibility of intercropping vegetables (cowpea and amaranthus) in baby corn and to find the effect of crop geometry on growth, yield, productivity and economics of intercropping systems. The field experiment was conducted during March to May 2019 and was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. Baby corn (var. G 5414) was raised as main crop and cowpea (var. Bhagyalakshmi) and amaranthus (var. Arun) were raised as intercrops in various cropping geometries. The treatments consisted of different planting geometries of baby corn with cowpea and amaranthus as intercrops along with sole crop treatments, viz., T1- baby corn + cowpea (skip row), T2- baby corn + amaranthus (skip row), T3- baby corn + cowpea (paired row), T4- baby corn + amaranthus (paired row), T5- baby corn + cowpea (2:1 ratio), T6- baby corn + amaranthus (2:1 ratio), T7- sole crop of baby corn, T8- sole crop of cowpea and T9- sole crop of amaranthus. The results indicated that intercropping cowpea or amaranthus in baby corn had significant influence on the growth and yield of both main crop and intercrops. The cob yield with husk (11.39 t ha-1), marketable cob yield (3.53 t ha-1) and cob weight with husk (49.50 g) of baby corn were found to be significantly higher in T3 compared to other treatments including sole crop of baby corn. The number of cobs per plant recorded was the highest in T1 which did not differ from T2. Cob-to corn ratio of baby corn was significantly lower in treatments T4 and T3. The highest dry matter production (24453 kg ha-1) and green stover yield (39.33 t ha-1) of baby corn were recorded in T3 which was on par with T7. 148 Growth and yield of intercrops were significantly reduced under intercropping. Sole crop of cowpea (T8) produced higher number of primary branches, LAI, total dry matter production, root volume, root depth, number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant and pod yield per ha compared to intercropping systems. Sole crop of amaranthus (T9) also produced significantly higher LAI, total dry matter production, yield per plant and yield per ha when compared to intercropping systems. The light interception by the crop canopy of baby corn was found to be the highest in T3. Higher uptake of N, P and K were recorded in intercropping treatment T3 (growing baby corn and cowpea in paired row). The sole cropping of intercrops however resulted in the highest N, P and K uptake compared to the intercropping. Analysis of competitive indices of intercropping system revealed that the land equivalent ratio (LER), baby corn equivalent yield (BEY) and monetary advantage index (MAI) were the highest in T3. The positive aggressivity value (Abv) and higher relative crowding coefficient of baby corn (Kb) indicated the competitive nature and dominance of baby corn over intercrops. The paired row planting of baby corn with cowpea (T3) produced the highest net returns (₹ 222830 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (3.18). The results of the study indicated that compared to amaranthus, vegetable cowpea was more suitable for intercropping with baby corn. Paired row planting of baby corn with cowpea (T3) was found to be the best intercropping system considering the planting geometry in terms of baby corn equivalent yield, monetary advantage index, net income and benefit: cost ratio.
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    Carbon dioxide enrichment induced drought tolerance responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.)
    (Department Of Plant physiology, College Of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2016) Dheeraj, Chatti; Manju, R V
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    Standardization of minimal processing of amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.)
    (Department of Processing Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2016) Ambareesha, K N; Geetha Lekshmi, P R
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    Plant associated endospore forming bacteria from amaranthus as growth promoters and biocontrol agents against rhizoctonia leaf blight
    (Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2020) Yashwasini, M S; Anith, K N
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    Integrated management of rhizoctonia leaf blight of amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.)
    (Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2016) Gireesh; Radhakrishnan, N V