1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Assessment of genetic variability in fodder oats (Avena sativa L.) for yield and quality(Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding , College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2024-01-08) Annem Sethuvardhan Reddy; Gayathri, GThe current research program, entitled “Assessment of genetic variability in fodder oats (Avena sativa L.) for yield and quality.” involved the study of thirty fodder oat genotypes collected from AICRP Forage Crops and Utilization, Ludhiana Centre under Punjab Agricultural University. This research was conducted in the hill zone at the Regional Agricultural Research Station at Ambalavayal and the plains at the Instructional Farm in College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during Rabi 2022-23. The fodder oat genotypes were evaluated using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The primary objective of this investigation was to assess the genetic variability in fodder oats and develop a selection index for identifying accessions with high yield and nutritional quality. The fodder oat accessions were harvested during the milky stage of grain filling. Quantitative characters like days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant, green fodder yield per plot, dry matter yield per plot, leaf dry weight per plant, stem dry weight per plant, plant height, days to maturity, leaf-stem ratio, ratoon green fodder yield per plot, crude protein content, crude fibre content, total phenolic content, condensed tannin content, total antioxidant content and phytate content were recorded in all accessions. Statistical analyses, such as analysis of variance, genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability, genetic advance, correlation studies, path analysis, cluster analysis and discriminate function analysis were conducted to determine the extent of variation among the existing oat genotypes. The analysis of variance showed significant differences among the studied traits across different genotypes, indicating variability for effective selection. For green fodder yield in the hill zone, the genotypes OL-12, OL-1937, OL-1980, and OL-1963 performed the best with yield ranging from 8.78kg to 8.46kg per plot, while OL-13, OL-1949, and OL-1896 had the lowest yields ranging from 5.75kg to 6.15kg per plot. In case of plains, the highest green fodder yield was observed in JHO-822(3.5kg per plot). Regarding nutritional traits, OL-1931-1 had the highest crude protein content of 16.15 per cent, while OL-1963 had the lowest of 10.97 per cent. Maximum crude fiber content was in OL-1964 (28.02 per cent), and minimum in OL 1952 (15.97 per cent). Total phenolic content was highest in OL-11 and lowest in OL-1963. Condensed tannin content peaked in OL-15, and total antioxidant content was highest in OL 15 and lowest in OL-125. The anti-nutritional character phytate content was lowest in OL-1974 and highest in OL-1976-1. At Instructional Farm, Vellayani, only 12 genotypes managed to reach maturity stage, and their yield was significantly lower ranging from 3.5kg to 2.2kg plot, which was less than 50 per cent compared to the high ranges in Ambalavayal. Among these 12 genotypes, JHO 822 demonstrated superiority in all yield-contributing traits. Genetic variability parameters such as genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability (h2) and Genetic Advance (GA) were studied to find genetic variability present in the genotypes. In the present study, PCV is higher than GCV for all the characters that were recorded, indicating the role of the environment in the expression of these characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for the characters number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf dry weight per plant, stem dry weight per plant, plant height, leaf stem ratio, crude protein content, total phenolic content, condensed tannin content, total antioxidant content and phytate content, which indicates the presence of additive gene action and hence selection based on these characters will be effective for the genetic improvement of the genotypes. The correlation analysis revealed that the trait green fodder yield was correlated positively and significantly with number of tillers, number of leaves, dry matter yield per plot, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and plant height was correlated negatively and significantly with trait leaf stem ratio. Path analysis divulged that a beneficial positive direct effect on green fodder yield was reported by days to 50% flowering, number of leaves, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, plant height and days to maturity. While negative direct effect was recorded for days to first flowering, number of tillers, dry matter yield and leaf stem ratio. The residual effect in path analysis (phenotypic) was 0.3644, so about 63% of the total variation in GFY can be explained by the ten characters taken for study. The genetic diversity analysis classified the 30 genotypes into seven clusters following the Euclidean square method, with cluster I being the largest (14 genotypes), followed by clusters II (8 genotypes), IV (3 genotypes), III (2 genotypes), and clusters V, VI, and VII (1 genotype each). The maximum intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster IV, followed by clusters II, I, and III. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters IV and VII, followed by clusters I and VII. For a successful breeding program, genotypes should be chosen from clusters with the highest degree of divergence. The study found significant genotypic variation for all the examined characteristics. Based upon Selection Index score the genotypes OL-15, JHO-822, and OL-9 exhibited superiority in terms of yield and yield-attributing characteristics, ranking in the top three positions. These superior genotypes can be considered as potential parents for future breeding projects after assessing their combining ability or advanced to further trials for variety development.Item Standardization of spacing and nitrogen requirement of fodder oat (Avena sativa L.) in AEU 20(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2023-04-05) Niveditha, K Divakaran; Usha C ThomasThe study entitled “Standardization of spacing and nitrogen requirement of fodder oat (Avena sativa L.) in AEU 20” was undertaken during 2020-2022 at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, with the objective to standardize spacing and nitrogen level for fodder oat production in AEU 20 (Wayanad Eastern Plateau). Field experiment was laid out at RARS, Ambalavayal, in randomized block design with nine treatment combinations in three replications during rabi 2021- 2022. Treatments consisted of two factors viz., row spacing (S) and nitrogen levels (N) at three levels each viz., s1 (15 cm), s2 (25 cm), s3 (35 cm) and n1 (60 kg N ha-1), n2 (90 kg N ha 1), n3 (120 kg N ha-1) respectively. The variety sown was Kent. Spacing had significant effect on all growth and yield attributes except plant height whereas, N levels and S x N interaction was found to have significant influence on all the growth and yield attributes. Within spacing, s3 recorded the highest number of tillers hill-1 whereas GFY and DFY were highest at spacing s1. Within N levels, n3 recorded highest values for growth and yield attributes viz., plant height, number of tillers hill-1, GFY and DFY. Among S x N interactions, s3n3 recorded the tallest plant (111.19 cm) and a greater number of tillers hill-1(9.29). In case of GFY (30.14 tha-1) and DFY (6.03 tha-1), s1n3 recorded the highest yield and were on par with s2n3. Weeds predominantly present in the field were Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, Digitaria ciliaris, Phyllanthus niruri, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium album, Eclipta prostrata and Cyperus rotundus. Highest weed density and weed dry matter were recorded at spacing s3. N levels and S x N interactions had no significant influence on weed density and weed dry matter. Relative weed density recoded highest at spacing s2 (grasses) and s3 (broad leaved weeds) and at N level n3 (grasses) and n2 (sedge). The treatment combination, s2n3 had the highest relative density of grasses (41.82 %) and this result was on par with s2n1 and s1n3. In sedge, s1n2 and s2n2 had the highest relative weed density (32.76 %). Spacing and S x N interaction had no significant effect on chlorophyll content but N levels had significant influence on it. Within N levels, n3 recoded the highest chlorophyll content. Spacing, N level and their interaction had no significant effect on crude fibre content. In case of crude protein content, spacing and S x N interaction had no significant influence while N levels had significant influence on it. Among nitrogen levels, n3 recorded the highest crude protein content. Spacing, N levels and their interaction had no significant effect on the soil pH, EC and OC content of soil. Spacing, N levels and their interaction had significant effect on available N, P and K content in soil after the experiment. Spacing s3 recorded highest value of available N, P and the results were on par with s2. Spacing s2 recorded the highest amount of available K and was on par with s3. Within N levels, n3 recorded significantly higher amount of available N and n1 recorded the highest available P and K. Among S x N interaction, s3n3 recorded the maximum available N and the result was found on par with s2n3. In case of P and K, s2n1 had the maximum available P and K. Spacing and S x N interactions had no significant effect on the N content of fodder oat whereas N levels had significant effect on it. Within N levels, n3 recorded significantly higher N content and it was on par with n2. Spacing, N levels and their interaction had no significant influence on the P and K content of fodder oat. Spacing, N levels and their interaction had significant influence on N, P and K uptake of fodder oat. Within spacing, s1 recorded the highest N, P and K uptake. Among N levels, n3 recorded highest value of N, P and K uptake. The treatment combination s1n3 recorded highest value of N (120.97 kg ha-1), P (27.91 kg ha-1) and K (100.46 kg ha-1) uptake and the results were on par with s2n3. Spacing and S x N interaction had no significant influence on LAI and LAD, but it had significant effect on SLA. Spacing s2 and s2n3 interaction recorded the highest SLA. N levels had significant influence on LAI, LAD and SLA. Within N levels, n3 recorded the highest LAI (30 DAS & harvest), LAD and SLA. S x N interaction had significant effect on net income and B:C ratio. Among treatment combinations, s1n3 recorded the highest net income and B:C ratio (1.87). From the study, it can be concluded that fodder oat can be profitably cultivated in AEU 20 at a row spacing of 15 cm with application of 120 kg N ha-1 in two splits at basal (60 %) and 40 DAS (40 %) along with basal application of 15 t ha-1 FYM, 40 kg ha-1 P2O5, 40 kg ha-120