1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Soil and crop management for organic carbon sequestration in a coconut based cropping system(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2007) Sudha, B; Annamma GeorgeItem Effect of gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) and Indian gall nut (Terminalia chebula) on the immune response in cockerels under induced heat and cold stress(Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2006) Mejo, K R; Ramnath, VThe study was conducted with an objective of finding the physiological and immunological variations that could be brought about with heat /cold stress in cockerels and the role of Gooseberry (GB) and Indian gallnut (IGN) supplementation as an antistress. Gramapriya cockerels of 1kg bw (3-4 months) were subjected to heat (40 ±1o C and relative humidity (RH) 60-70 percent) and cold stress (8 ±1o C and RH 40-50 per cent) each for 4h/day in a controlled environmental chamber (floor space 875 cm2 /bird) for a maximum of 10 days and the controls were reared randomly under ambient temperature of 30±1o C and RH 65 percent. GB+IGN supplementation was done @ 2.0 g/kg for 20 days (prior to and during the period of heat/cold stress). To a certain extend alternations in haematological parameters such as haemoglobin, packed cell volume, H/L ratio, biochemical parameters such as serum total protein, albumin, globulin, C-reactive protein, electrolytes like sodium and potassium, enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase, cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) could be reversed by GB+IGN supplementation during heat stress. In the present study, the haemagglutinin (HA), hemolysin (HL), IgG and IgM titres and the spleenic antibody forming cells (plaque forming cells) and rosette forming cells (RFC) against known antigen were studied. The results indicated that GB+IGN supplementation not only maintained the preformed antibody titre but also improved the humoral immune response against a challenged antigen during the period of heat stress. In the present study, it was found that during cold stress, the GB+IGN supplementation could bring about an early tendency to restore the normal homeostasis of haematological, biochemical, and hormonal parameters. Cold stress resulted in a low profile of humoral immune response indicated by low anti-SRBC haemolysin (HA), Haemolysin (HL), IgG and IgM titres in untreated, CST cockerels when compared to GB+IGN treated counterparts, which showed better tires during cold stress. Similarly, treated cockerels exhibited more spleenic cells that produce antibodies against rat red blood cells. Thus, the immunopotentiative property of GB+IGN was reconfirmed and that the drug supplementation stimulated the humoral arm of immunity in cold stressed cockerels. Results of the present study indicated that combined supplementation of GB+IGN @ 2.0 g/kg bw in poultry could augment the humoral response during heat and cold stressItem Physiological evaluation of dietary supplementation of steroid hormones and alpha-tocopherol in broiler chicken(Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Cyel V Yohannan; Philomina, P TThirty two, day old broiler chicks of Vencob strain were divided into four groups containing eight chicks in each group as G-I (control), G-II, G-III, and G-IV (treatments) and reared under identical management conditions for a period of four weeks with standard broiler ration as per BIS (1992). From fourth to eighth week of age, birds of group G-I (control) fed with Standard broiler finisher ration, G-II fed with Standard broiler finisher ration + Ethinylestradiol and Levanorgestrel incorporated @ 66.3 mg & 331.5 mg respectively per 100 kg of feed, G-III fed with Standard broiler finisher ration + dl-α-tocopherol @ 25 g per 100 kg of feed and G-IV fed with Standard broiler finisher ration + dl-α-tocopherol @ 25 g and a combination of Ethinylestradiol and Levanorgestrel @ 66.3 mg & 331.5 mg respectively per 100 kg of feed. Birds were regularly monitored for clinical health status, feed intake and individual weight (weekly intervals). Blood samples (5 ml each) were collected with and without anticoagulant at fortnightly intervals from fourth week to the end of experiment and analysed hematological parameters, plasma protein profile, lipid profile, enzymatic activity such as gama glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), superoxide desmutase (SOD), catalase and lipid peroxidation and serum concentration of calcium, phosphorus, copper and iron were also analysed. Histomorphology of liver adrenal and breast muscles were conducted. Liver and breast muscles were analysed for enzymes as GGT, tissue peroxidation, and crude protein and ether extract. Data were analysed statistically with appropriate tools. Results obtained showed that dietary supplementation of ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel and dl-α-tocopherol failed to elicit any noticeable influence on the growth and feed efficiency and mineral status (serum calcium, phosphorous, copper and iron levels) in the experimental birds. Ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel supplementation significantly lowered (P<0.05) total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb) and volume of packed red cells (VPRC). Ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel supplementation significantly (P<0.05) lowered the plasma concentration of total lipids, total cholesterol and LDL (birds of G-II group) while dl-α-tocopherol did not bring such an effect. Ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel and dl-α-tocopherol either alone or in combination significantly increased the plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in birds from sixth to eighth week of age. Ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel and dl-α-tocopherol alone or in combination caused reduction in plasma VLDL and triglyceride values. There was a lower level of ether extract in muscles of all the treatment groups compared with control. Liver from birds of ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel treated birds (G-II) had lower fat accumulation in hepatocytes. Ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel fed group G-II (P<0.05) had the highest and the birds of dl-α-tocopherol supplemented group G-III had the lowest plasma GGT and AST activity at sixth and eighth week of age. These effects might be due to the effects of ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel on the biliary system resulting in an elevated enzyme activity in plasma. Similarly ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel caused significant increase in GGT levels only in the liver of G-II birds while there was no such change in breast muscles. Dl-α-tocopherol alone (G-III) or when combined with ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel (G-IV) caused a significant increase (P<0.05) in catalse activity while ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel and dl-α-tocopherol alone (G-II and G-III respectively) or in combination (G-IV) also showed lowered lipid peroxidation which indicated a better antioxidant status. Predominant effect of ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel was observed on the plasma lipid profile (reduction in the level of plasma total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL cholesterol) while, -tocopherol showed its antioxidant properties. However, ethinylestradiol +levanorgestrel caused the damage to the biliary system resulting in elevated levels of enzymes such as GGT and AST. Dietary supplementation of ethinylestradiol+levanorgestrel and dl-α-tocopherol failed to elicit much anticipated effect on growth and other performance indices.Item Pathology of deltamethrin toxicity in chick embryo(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Abhijith Thampan; Divakaran Nair, NThe present study was taken up to investigate the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of deltamethrin along with the effects on antioxidant mechanisms and on haematological parameters. The weight of the embryo, bursa and spleen, histopathology of liver, kidney, brain, heart, spleen, bursa and thymus, antioxidant assay which includes estimation of super oxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation , reduced glutathione, and haematological parameters such as total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, , heterophil percentage, lymphocyte percentage and heterophil lymphocyte ratio along with blood glucose level were the parameters analysed to study the effects. The study revealed a dose related increase in the embryo mortality in the treatment groups with a maximum of 18 percent in group VI inoculated with 1600ppm of deltamethrin. Deltamethrin was found to be teratogenic at the given dose levels. The anomalies observed were shorter lower beak (prognathism), curled toe, stumpy toes, syndactylism, shortened left limb, edema of the head and crossed beak and live sticky chicks. Deltamethrin did not cause any significant gross lesions in the developing embryos except mild haemorrhages. Deltamethrin did not result in any significant reduction in the weight of the embryos or the weight of lymphoid organs. On histopathological examination deltamethrin was found to be hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic which was evident by varying degrees of degeneration and necrosis in liver and kidney. Effect on lymphoid organs like spleen, thymus and bursa were mild to moderate with predominance of degenerative changes. Dose related changes were also observed in the heart which included vacuolar degeneration, thinning of fibres , myolysis and inter muscular haemorrhage. At the highest dose levels, deltamethrin caused significant brain lesions like gliosis, dark neurons, spongiform changes, neovascularisation and neuronal necrosis. Antioxidant assay on liver tissue at 200 and 400ppm dose levels revealed the potent hepatotoxic effects of deltamethrin mediated through free radicals as indicated by an increase in the lipid peroxidase and decrease in reduced glutathione and super oxide dismutase. Deltamethrin also resulted in significant increase in blood glucose level and reduction in haemoglobin concentration of exposed chicks maintatined for four weeks.