1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Characterization of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl.) Accessions(Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2024-03-05) Muhammed Musthafa, T M; Vikram, H CCinnamon assumes considerable importance among the perennial spices of the world as one of the most extensively used spices in the food and beverage industries. The commercial form of cinnamon is derived from the dried inner bark of the Cinnamomum verum Presl., a member of the Lauraceae family. Sri Lanka has a unique identity I producing the world’s finest quality cinnamon. In India, Meghalaya is the primary producer, though Meghalaya predominantly contributes tejpat (Cinnamomum tamala Th. Nees & Eberm) Kerala ranks sixth in the contribution of true cinnamon, making up 0.17 per cent of the total national production. The present study entitled “Characterization of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl.) accessions” aims to systematically examine the morpho-biochemical characteristics and evaluate the yield of cinnamon accessions grown in the high-altitude region (AEU 21) of Kerala. The study was based on cinnamon accessions of seedling origin conserved as ex-situ at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Amabalavayal. These accessions aged about 25 years were collected from various cinnamon-growing regions and maintained through regular coppicing. A single tree represents each accession. The morphological characterization of 21 qualitative and 16 quantitative characters from the selected accessions were recorded. In the biochemical characterization, volatile oil and oleoresin from dried bark and fresh leaves from all fifty accessions were analysed. Chemical profiling of bark volatile oil was performed for superior cinnamon accessions. A modified minimal descriptor for cinnamon with a set of 21 qualitative parameters as well as descriptor states for each character was developed as the first step of the study, referring to the previous work (Krishnamoorthy et al., 1996, Azad et al., 2019 and Liyanage et al., 2020). The developed minimal descriptor for cinnamon was further subjected to the characterization of cinnamon accessions. A wide variability was further subjected to the characterization of cinnamon accessions. A wide variability was observed for 13 out of 21 qualitative characters. The study revealed that, 7 out of 11 leaf characters; 3 out of inflorescence and floral characters; all four bark characters showed variability in the cinnamon accessions. However, no variation was observed in the fruit characters. Overall, eight qualitative characters were noted as non-variable characters; hence, these were not considered for further analysis. Based on the 13 qualitative variables, accessions were delineated into four discernible clusters at a scale height nine. In the present study, considerable variation was observed among the cinnamon accessions for most of the quantitative characters. The maximum coefficient of variation was observed for inflorescence length (41.72%). Quantitative characters, viz., number of shoots per stump and dry weight of quill, were found to record more than 30 per cent of coefficient of variation. Characters recorded more than 20 per cent coefficient of variation were fresh weight of quill, leaf area, dried bark thickness, plant height, leaf oleoresin and bark volatile oil. The quill dry weight varied among the accessions and ranged from 26.50 g (Acc.20) to 103.00 g (Acc.34) per coppice. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) distinguished the distribution of quantitative characteristics into two dimensions. The first two principal axes (Dim.1 and dim. 2) explained 49.40 per cent of the total cumulative percentage of variance. The contents of volatile oil (0.35 to 1.10%; 0.5 to 2.05%) and oleoresin (7.30 to 19.40%;1.65 to 7.75%) differed significantly in both bark and leaves of cinnamon accessions, respectively. The association study through Pearson’s correlation coefficient method revealed that the fresh weight of the quill was found to have a positive and significant correlation with the dry weight of the quill, plant height, and mean firth of the coppice. Meanwhile, dry weight of the quill was found to be positive and significant with the fresh weight of the quill, plant height, bark recovery, and mean girth of the coppice. Fifty selected cinnamon accessions were ranked based on the four key yield and quality parameters namely, number of shoots per stump, bark recovery, dry bark yield, and bark volatile oil, which have a direct effect on economic importance. Subsequently, five cinnamon accessions, viz., Acc. 12, Acc. 28, Acc. 34, Acc. 39, and Acc. 56, were identified as superior performing accessions and further subjected to chemical profiling using the GC-MS technique. About fifteen constituents were identified through the analysis of bark volatiles using GC-MS. Cinnamaldehyde was a prime constituent present in cinnamon bark oil. Of the five accessions, cinnamaldehyde was present in four, and content ranged from 27.77 (Acc.28) to 40.32 (Acc.56) per cent. The Acc. 12 was dominated by linalool (34.35%). The cinnamyl acetate was predominant in all five accessions. The PCA revealed the distribution of biochemical constituents among the different principal components. Which was mainly focused on the first two principal axes (Dim. 1 and Dim. 2, constituting 86.50 per cent of the total cumulative percentage of variance. From the study considerable variation was observed between the accessions for the morphological and biochemical characters. Based on yield, its components and other quality parameter, five promising accessions were identified. These accessions varied significantly for organic acides and had high cinnamaldehyde as well as unique in linalool content. These genotypes may be targeted for further genetic improvement or be utilized in selection method of breeding programme for developing high yielding cinnamon varieties which is also rich volatile constituents for high altitude tropical conditions.Item Survey, characterization and evaluation of clove (Syzigium aromaticum (L) Merr. and Perry) accessions(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Avinash, M; Sreekala, G SThe present study entitled “Survey, characterization and evaluation of clove (Syzigium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry) accessions” was taken up with the specific objective to characterize and evaluate clove accessions based on morphological and biochemical parameters. The Survey was carried out in the major clove growing plantations of Trivandrum, Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala and Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, as these districts harboured the major clove population. Twenty varied accessions were tagged as BRC-1, BRC-2, BRC-3, BRC-4, MRC- 5, MRC-6, MRC-7, MRC-8, AMC-9, AMC-10, AMC-11, AMC-12, AMC-13, MMC-14, MMC-15, BLC-16, BLC-17, BLC-18, MGC-19 and ANC-20 based on the name of the estates/location from where the trees were identified. Twenty one qualitative and thirty four quantitative characters were recorded. Qualitative characters included tree, leaf, bud, flower, fruit and seed characters. Considerable variation was noticed among the accessions for the qualitative characters namely canopy shape, branching pattern, colour of young leaf, colour of mature leaf, leaf lamina shape, leaf apex shape, bud forming season, bud clustering habit, bud size, colour of hypanthium, petal colour, sepal colour, colour of stigma, fruit shape and seed shape. Few characters like leaf arrangement, position of flower, colour of peduncle, mature fruit colour, ripe fruit colour and seed colour were non variable characters among the accessions evaluated. Bivariate analysis of major qualitative characters revealed major association between canopy shape and branching pattern; colour of young leaf and petal colour, sepal colour and colour of stigma; colour of mature leaf and bud size; and fruit shape and seed shape. The multivariate qualitative clustering using UPGMA method resulted in 13 clusters, at default 80% similarity. Quantitative characterisation of bud, flower, fruit, seed and quality parameters summarised based on the descriptive statistics revealed wider range of variability in number of inflorescence per m2 and single bud weight fresh and dry. The quality parameters assessed among the accessions revealed eugenol as the main constituent with a content range of 54.29 to 70.77%. GC MS analysis of the bud oils of the elite clove accessions exhibited 25 constituents, the major being p-eugenol, eugenyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, β-cubebene and α-humulene. The principal component analysis undertaken reduced the thirty two quantitative characteristics to two principal components accounting for 88.8% of total variation. Stem girth at 45 cm height, and single bud weight, fresh and dry; displayed high correlation with the first axis while number of inflorescence per m2 highly influenced the second axis indicating that these characters have an important role in clustering of clove accessions. A score plot generated based on the first two principal components using Minitab version 18 identified fourteen clusters. The parallelism between qualitative and quantitative clusters resulted in intuitive perceived quantitative characterisation, which tells the extent to which one can conceive the quantitative characters of clove based on easily identifiable qualitative characters. The linkage of characters analysed based on the biplot of component loadings revealed strong positive association between all the quantitative characters measured except girth at 45 cm height, number of branches, number of inflorescence per m2, single bud weight (fresh), single bud weight (dry) and fresh bud yield per tree. A near zero correlation was observed between number of inflorescence per m2 and single bud weight (fresh) and single bud weight (dry) as indicated by the perpendicular of the vectors. The results of the study indicated that by observing the qualitative characters and the minimum data set characters in the bearing season, one can optimally sort out the ideotype clove accessions. Identification of an ideotype using existing data revealed accessions BRC-1, MRC-5, MRC-6 and BRC-3 as ideotypes and thus can be suggested as elite accessions for further study and breeding work.