1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Induction of embryogenic calli from immature ovaries in coconut (cocos nucifera L.)(Department of Molecular biology and biotechnology , College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2024-02-01) Vyshnavi, K; Anuradha, TThe study entitled " Induction of embryogenic calli from immature ovaries in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)" was conducted at the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2022-23. The objective of the study was induction of embryogenic calli from immature ovary in coconut variety West Coast Tall (WCT) and effect of sodium butyrate in callus induction through histone deacetylation. In the present study, immature ovaries from explants of maturity indices 4 to -6 were extracted and surface sterilized using 3% sodium hypochlorite, 0.2% mercuric chloride, and 70% ethanol. They were inoculated into basal Y3 medium containing different plant growth regulators such as 2,4-D, TDZ, and picloram. The results showed that out of all the maturity indices tried (-4 to -6), inflorescence of maturity index -4 showed a maximum response in callus induction, and among different callus induction medium (CIM) tried CIM with 100 μM 2,4-D showed maximum response (47.28%) to embryogenic calli initiation. The time taken for embryogenic calli-like structure development was 45 days. To analyze the effect of sodium butyrate (SB) in callus initiation, the excised immature ovaries were inoculated into standardized CIM (Y3 + 100 μM 2,4-D) with different concentrations of SB. The results displayed that, compared with the CIM, the induction rates of embryogenic calli were significantly increased (66%) and the time taken for embryogenic calli-like structure development was significantly reduced (20 days) with the addition of 100 μM SB. The gene expression analysis shows that gene expression of the HDA6 gene was reduced in CIM with SB when compared to CIM. The increased embryogenic response of immature ovaries to CIM with SB as well as the reduced time taken for the embryogenic response can be correlated with the downregulation of the HDAC gene.Item Development of coconut [Cocos nucifera (L.)] inflorescence based dietary supplement(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-03-18) Keerthy Chandran; Sonia N SThe present investigation entitled “Development of coconut [Cocos nucifera (L.)] inflorescence based dietary supplement” was carried out in the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2020-2022 with the objective to identify the ideal maturity stage of harvesting coconut inflorescence, development of good quality coconut inflorescence powder, protocol for development of coconut inflorescence based dietary supplement having superior nutritional and pharmacological properties along with shelf-life assessment of the developed dietary supplement. Coconut inflorescence at four different stages viz., 7 – 10 months before inflorescence opening (S1), 5 – 6 months before inflorescence opening (S2), 3 – 4 months before inflorescence opening (S3) and at inflorescence opening (S4) were dried, powdered, analysed for in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging assay) and sensory quality was analysed by using a porridge out of it. S2 stage recorded the highest antioxidant activity, 88.77% DPPH free radical inhibition and sensory quality viz., colour (97.65), taste (100.20), flavour (103.00), consistency (95.22) and mouth feel (94.35). Hence, coconut inflorescence harvested at five to six months before inflorescence opening (S2) was identified as the ideal stage for the development of coconut inflorescence powder (CIP). CIP having superior nutritional and sensory quality could be prepared by soaking the chopped inflorescence in anti-browning agent combination: citric acid (1%) + sodium chloride (1%) for five minutes followed by drying in hot-air oven at 60°C. The nutritional composition of the developed CIP (100 g) is carbohydrate (4.67 g), protein (8.82 g), fat (1.96 g), calcium (195.25 mg), iron (0.84 mg), sodium (16.54 mg), vitamin A (973.50 µg), vitamin C (33.46 mg), crude fibre (57.14 g) and total ash (0.82 g). Mean rank value for the sensory attributes viz., colour, consistency, flavour, mouth feel and taste were 546.23, 527.35, 526.28, 541.35 and 525.15, respectively. Coconut inflorescence dietary supplement (CIDS) containing CIP, ragi, green 128 gram and sesame in the proportion 70: 10: 10: 10 (DS3) recorded 81.14% DPPH radical scavenging inhibition (in vitro antioxidant activity), 84.97% alpha amylase inhibition (in vitro anti-diabetic activity) and superior sensory attributes (mean rank value- colour: 162.95, taste: 162.47, flavour: 162.00, consistency: 163.05, mouth feel: 162.07). The nutritional composition of the of the developed CIDS (100 g) is carbohydrate (18.40 g 100 g-1), protein (13.42 g 100 g-1), fat (2.01 g 100 g-1), calcium (202.40 mg 100 g-1), iron (1.82 mg 100 g-1), sodium (19.81 mg 100 g-1), vitamin A (963.70 µg 100 g-1), vitamin C (39.80 mg 100 g-1), crude fibre (43.68 g 100 g-1) and total ash (2.57 g 100 g-1). The CIDS was subjected to further storage study for shelf life assessment. Coconut inflorescence dietary supplement packaged using aluminium foil covers and stored under refrigerated condition (P4S2) recorded the lowest peroxide value (8.01 meq. O2 kg-1), bacterial count (1.00 cfu g-1 × 107), fungal count (1.67 cfu g-1 × 105) and yeast count (1.00 cfu g-1 × 103) after three months of storage. The study revealed that the ideal maturity stage for harvesting coconut inflorescence for the development of dietary supplement is five to six months before inflorescence opening. Coconut Inflorescence Powder (CIP) could be prepared by soaking the chopped inflorescence pieces (1cm3) in a combination of 1% citric acid and 1% sodium chloride for five minutes followed by drying in hot-air oven at 60°C. Coconut inflorescence dietary supplement (CIDS) could be prepared by compositing CIP, ragi, green gram and sesame in 70:10:10:10 ratio. CIDS could be packaged using aluminium foil covers and stored under refrigerated condition for an improved shelf life of three months.Item Development of coconut based chocolate by 3D printing technology(Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji Collage of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Tavanur, 2023-01-03) Sarath Kumar S.; Sudheer, K PChocolate is one of the chief ingredients in the global confectionary market. It contains high concentrations of refined sugar and saturated fat content. Chocolate and cocoa (Theobroma cacao) provides health benefits to cure cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases and other chronic health conditions. Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a very versatile and indispensable food item that is considered a complete food source, rich in calories, vitamins and minerals. Coconut kernel contains 7- 10% dietary fiber and 5% proteins, in addition to 34-60% oil content. The dietary fiber constitutes significant hypo-cholesterolemic effect. The deficiency of complex carbohydrates like dietary fiber is a matter of concern that poses major health issues causing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, colon cancer, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The recommended acceptable intake of dietary fiber is 28.8 g/day for adults, but the actual intake was found to be lower than this limit. The present study envisages the development of chocolate enriched with coconut dietary fiber using the advanced technology of 3D food printing. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a novel food preparation concept based on the additive manufacturing (AM) technique. The technology offers features like personalized nutrition, taking into consideration of the age, health and diet of the consumer and also customized designing of foods based on individual preferences. The study focused on the applicability of 3D printing for dietary fiber enrichment of chocolate. A 3D model of ‘gear’ with dimensions 41.50 mm × 41.50 mm × 10.00 mm was considered to study the 3D food printing. The treatment combinations for the formulation of supply material and experimental design for optimization of process parameters were done using Central Composite Design (CCD) and Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) respectively. Based on the analysis, the supply material composition with 9% coconut meal, 3% sugar, 0.3% soya lecithin and 87.7% dark compound chocolate was optimized. 3D food 112 printing process parameters such as extruder motor speed, nozzle diameter, conveying air pressure and printing speed were considered as independent variables. The printing parameters have significant effect on extrusion rate, printing rate, weight, thickness and hardness of the printed products. The results showed that diameter, colour, moisture content, cohesiveness and adhesiveness of the printed products were not significantly affected by the printing process parameters (p>0.05). Based on these results, the optimized condition for printing of coconut based chocolate was 0.8 mm nozzle diameter, 60 mm/s printing speeds, 2 bar conveying air pressure and 30 rpm motor speed. Nutritional analysis showed that the developed product have 8% of dietary fiber along with 54.35% carbohydrates, 32.26% fat and 4.54% protein content providing an energy value of 549 k Cal/100.g.Item Standardization of Kiln seasoning schedule for coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) wood(Department of Forest Products and Utilization, College of Forestry,Vellanikkara, 2019) Gayathri Mukundan; Anoop, E VCoconut palm is a versatile and commercially important palm grown in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Technological up gradation of the coconut wood processing methods can bring in improvement in quality of products and greater preference by the consumers. The purpose of the present study is to popularise the commercial value of coconut as a timber species through improved processing. This study titled aims at standardising kiln seasoning schedule for high and medium density coconut wood, which are mainly used for structural purposes. Drying is one of the most important processing techniques, because a proper drying process will be the main key to ensure high quality wood products. Freshly cut samples were collected from farmer’s plot and converted into desirable sizes. Pilodyn standardisation was done to sort the coconut wood into different density classes. The regression equation formulated for basic density and Pilodyn Penetration Depth (PPD) was Y= -0.02096 (X) + 1.077583, where Y is the density of coconut wood in g/cm3 and X is the PPD in millimetres. Fundamental physical properties of wood like moisture content, dimensional shrinkage and dimensional shrinkage were also studied. Moisture content of coconut palm wood across different density classes showed significant differences. The mean moisture content for high density wood was 52.76 per cent. Mean moisture content was 103.95 per cent for medium density coconut palm wood. In low density coconut palm wood, the moisture content averaged at 186.54 per cent. There was no significant difference in volumetric shrinkage across density classes. There was significant difference in the dimensional shrinkage between different density classes. Quick drying test was conducted in the laboratory in a hot air oven to study the degree and type of defects during drying. The major seasoning defects observed in coconut palm wood were surface cracking, end splitting, twisting, cupping and bowing. Defects were 2 graded according to Terasawa scale. Seasoning schedule treatments were determined for both high density and medium density wood. There were five treatments for high density coconut wood and three treatments for the medium density wood. Samples were given different seasoning schedule treatments in a convection kiln to determine the best treatment based on grading of defects. The best kiln conditions for high density wood were with initial Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) of 45oC, final DBT of 80oC and initial Wet Bulb Depression (WBD) of 1.8oC. The best kiln conditions for medium density 72 wood were with initial Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) of 49oC, final DBT of 80oC and initial Wet Bulb Depression (WBD) of 2 oC. The drying time for high density wood was 11 days whereas for medium density wood the drying time was 12 days in a convection kiln of 20 cubic meters. The regression equation for high density coconut wood is Y = (0.1335× X) + 11.737, where Y is the kiln drying time in days and X is the moisture content in percentage. The regression equation for the medium density coconut palm wood were Y = (-0.08503× X) + 11.0064. Air drying of coconut palm wood took 13 weeks for high density wood and 15 weeks for medium density wood to reach the equilibrium moisture content.Item Analysis of inbreeding depression in west coast tall coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2016) Chethana, S; Jayaprakash Naik, BIn nature, coconut is a cross pollinated crop which influences the high degree of variability and heterogeneous population. With the intension of developing inbred line in coconut, the programme was initiated in 1924 by selecting the eighteen WCT palms and developed S 1 generation. The S 1 plants were selfed and sibmated to produce the S 2 progenies in 1960 and the seedlings planted at CRS (RARS), in Pilicode with the replicated trial. This served the present experimental material to characterize and analyze inbreeding depression in S 2 palms and to study the effect of selfing (S 3 ) in selfed and sibmated (S 2 ) families of West Coast Tall (WCT). Vegetative, reproductive and nut characters were recorded in S 2 WCT family. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the twelve families of six groups of WCT for all the characters studied. The tallest palms were observed in IVS 2 -2 and IAS 2 -2 and on par with the WCT. The shortest palms were recorded from IIS 2 -1 and IIIS 2 -2 but taller than dwarfs. In general the sibmated families were showing more tall stature indicating heterotic behavior. The IAS 2 -1 and IBS 2 -1 showed average number of functional leaves as tall while IIIS 2 -1 had less number of leaves similar to dwarfs. The petiole length was short in IAS 2 -1 and IAS 2 -2 as well as IIIS 2 -1, IVS 2 -2 and VS 2 -1 indicating an advantageous character of high bearing of nuts with less loss. IIS 2 -1 and VS 2 -1 produced more number of female flowers while IAS 2 -1 and IAS 2 -2 produced less number of female flowers. In IIIS 2 -1 and VS 2 -1, the period of female phase similar to WCT. Thickest kernel was noticed in IBS 2 -1 and VS 2 -2 and less thick in IAS 2 -1. More thickness of kernel is tall palm character and thin meat is dwarf palm trait. Inbreeding depression was studied for S 2 nut yield and its attributes. The family IIS 2 -2 and VS 2 -1 expressed positive inbreeding depression for palm height and internodal length, but no inbreeding depression for stem girth. The leaf characteristics also exhibited positive inbreeding depression in S 2 . The WCTpalms in S 2 generation were characterized primarily based on eight characters separately when selfed and sibmated in S 1 for S 2 generation. In selfed the IBS 2 -1 showed tall characters with highest tall, stouter stem, medium functional leaves, and average female flowers, less setting percentage and low yield, medium nut, high oil percent. Semi tall characters in IIIS 2 -1 which recorded semi tall, stouter stem, average functional leaves, and average inflorescence produced, average female flowers, medium setting percentage, high copra and low oil content. Dwarf characters observed in IIS 2 -1 short, thin stem, high functional leaves, more inflorescence, high female flowers, medium setting percentage, nut yield, copra and oil content high. The S 3 seed nut showed that germination percentage was low in all the families (less than 50%) indicating the operation of deleterious effect of inbreeding in S 3 seed nuts. The semi-tall seedlings were more in selfed and talls in sibmated families of S 3 . The percentage of occurrence of stouter collar girth was more in S 3 (IAS 3 -1, IBS 3 -1, IIS 3 -1, IVS 3 -2, IIS 3 -2, IIIS 3 -2 and VS 3 -2). The leaf production was moderate in all the S 3 seedlings of selfed and four sibmated families (IAS 3 -2, IBS 3 -2, IIIS 3 -2 and VS 3 -2). Both the third and fifth leaves , the length, breadth and petiole length showed moderate values. The germination percentage revealed positive inbreeding depression in all the selfed families of 12 families. High inbreeding depression was noticed in IAS 3 -2, IIIS 3 -2, IVS 3 -2, VS 3 -1 and IVS 3 -1 and the lowest in family 1BS 3 -1 and 1AS 3 -1. Seedling height expressed high inbreeding depression in VS 3 -1. Collar girth didn‟t show inbreeding depression in S 3 . It is an important trait correlated with yield. Both positive and negative inbreeding depression was recorded for total number of leaves produced by the seedlings in S 3 generation. The molecular study using the promising inbreds was done using 10 primers. The analysis by the primers signifies that the family IIIS 3 -1 was unique which was noticed by the 5 primers i.e. OPBA 03, OPAW 19, OPAW 15, OPAW 09 and OPAU 02. The specific bands for dwarfs were noticed from almost all theprimers except for the OPAW 09. While the locus specific to tall have noticed from the primer OPBA 03 and OPAU 03. The specificity to the samples has also been noticed from some primers which was the WCT specific (OPAU 03), CGD (OPAW 15 and OPAW 08), IAS 3 -1 (OPAW 12, OPAW 13 and OPAW 08), IBS 3 - 1 (OPAW 19 and OPAU 03) and IIIS 3 -1 (OPAW 19). The coloured types IAS 3 -1 and IBS 3 -1 were highest and observed as on par with the WCT which were evidently proved by the primer OPBA 03 and OPAW 19. Among the primers, highly significant bands between the tall and dwarf was noticed by the OPBA 03 and OPAU 03. It is evident from the studies that the selfing of WCT palms would reduce vigour and possible to develop inbred lines which could be used for the production of hybrids for higher productivity.Item Nutrient management in coconut based cropping system utilizing products from rapid conversion technology of biowastes(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Priya, U K; Sudharmai Devi, C RItem Development of neera powder using spray drying process(Department of Processing and Food Engineering, KCAET,Tavanur, 2019) Anjali, A V; Santhi Mary, MathewItem Development and performance evaluation of a solar dryer for copra(Department of Food and Agricultural Process Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2017) Sai Krishna, V; George MathewItem Comparative assessment of whole plant water use efficiency (wue) of coconut seedlings (cocos nucifera) to drought tolerance(Academy of Climate Change Education and Research Vellanikkara, 2017) Athul Boby, C; Hebbar, K BItem Palynological approach to screen coconut genotypes for high temperature tolerance(Academy of Climate Change Education and Research Vellanikkara, 2017) Anusree R Nair; Hebbar, K B