1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Production and marketing of groundnut in Palghat District(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1984) Ayyasamy, M; Mukundan, KA study on economics of production and marketing was taken up in Palghat District with reference to the first season (April – August) of the year 1982-83 to estimate costs and returns, resource use efficiency of groundnut cultivation, marketing cost and price spread in groundnut marketing and to identify the problems of the groundnut cultivators. Eighty cultivators were selected by multistage random sampling method. Data were collected from samples of groundnut cultivators, traders and oil millers by personal interview method. It was found that the average family size was 5.71. Only 76.25 per cent of the respondents were literate. The average size of land holding was 3.40 hectares. The cropping intensity was 178.90. The average capital investment including the value of land was Rs.55740 per holding and Rs. 17160 per hectare. The capital investment excluding land value was Rs.8790 per holding and Rs. 2700 per hectare. Costs of cultivation per hectare of groundnut based on cost A, cost B and cost C were Rs. 2340.93, Rs.3203.13 and Rs.3240 respectively. The average costs of production per quintal of groundnut pods based on cost A, cost B and cost C were Rs. 181.73, Rs.261.05 and Rs.264.40 respectively. The major item of cost was human labour which accounted 31.02 per cent (Rs. 1004.88) of the total cost followed by seeds 22.49 per cent (Rs.728.80),bullock labour and machinery 7.12 per cent (Rs.249.13), fertilizers and manures 7.12 per cent (Rs.230.82) and plant protection chemicals 0.91 per cent (Rs.29.63).The average seed rate was 133.10 kg per hectare. The average amount of fertilizers used per hectare was 6.45 kg of nitrogen, 7.89 kg of phosphorous and 12.35 kg of potash. The average human labour utilized per hectare was 100.49 mandays. The average bullock labour used per hectare was 10.50 bullock pair days. Seed sowing was the most important operation which accounted for 25.65 per cent (Rs.831.83) of the total cost of cultivation followed by harvesting 15.78 per cent (Rs.511.32), manuring 9.87 per cent (Rs.320.51), after cultivation 9.70 per cent (Rs.314.51), preparatory cultivation 7.78 per cent (Rs.229.48) and plant protection 1.10 per cent (Rs.35.73). The average yield per hectare was 1087 kg of groundnut pods. Gross income, farm business income, family income, net income and farm investment income per hectare were Rs.3739.43, Rs.1398.50, Rs.536.30, Rs.499.43 and Rs.1361.63 respectively. The benefit cost ratios based on cost A, cost B and cost C were 1.60, 1.17 and 1.15 respectively. Cobb-Douglas production functions were fitted to test the resource use efficiency. Marginal productivity analysis revealed that land and human labour had positive and significant influence on gross income. Three channels were identified in groundnut marketing and most commonly used channel was producer- village merchant- oil miller. The producer’s share in the miller’s price was 87.83 per cent in Chittur Block and 89.55 per cent in Kollengode Block. The marketing margin for the village merchant was 5.23 per cent in Chittur Block and 3.45 per cent in Kollengode Block. The marketing cost incurred by the village merchant was 6.94 per cent in Chittur Block and 7.10 per cent in Kollengode Block. Four channels were identified in the groundnut oil marketing and most commonly used channel was oil miller – wholesaler – retailer – consumer. The marketing margins were 4.66 per cent to the miller, 1.55 per cent to the wholesaler and 0.85 per cent to the retailer. The marketing costs were 5.58 per cent to the oil miller, 0.45 per cent to the wholesaler and 0.21 per cent to the retailer. Farmers faced many problems such as incidences of pests and diseases, low price, lack of drying facilities and absence of proper marketing system.Item Performance of spiny coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.)under different shade regimes(Department Of Plantation Crops & Spices,College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2008) Appukuttan, J; Sulekha, G RThe studies on the “Performance of spiny coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.) under different shade regimes” were carried out at the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2004-2006. The objectives were to evaluate the adaptability and performance of Eryngium foetidum L. under varying levels of shade and plant population densities and also to study the feasibility of cultivating Eryngium foetidum L. under the homestead conditions of Kerala. Its use, both as a flavouring agent and herbal medicine, and also as a home remedy for various ailments point towards its inclusion as an important item in Kerala homesteads. The performance of Eryngium foetidum was studied at three levels of shade (25, 50 and 75%) and four spacings (10cm 15cm, 15cm 15cm, 20cm 15cm and 30 cm 15 cm). High Density Poly Ethylene shade nets of appropriate mesh size were used for providing the required shade levels. Observations on growth parameters, physiological characters, growth analysis, yield characters, bio-chemical analysis, storage studies etc., were taken and the benefit: cost ratio was worked out. From the experiment, it was found that the crop performed best under 75 per cent shade level in most of the characters studied. Maximum yield (1411.04 g/plot of size 120 150 cm) was recorded under 75% shade level and also at a closer spacing of 10x 15cm (1131.41 g/plot). But the interaction effect of shade and population density on total herbage yield was not significant. On analysis, no measurable quantity of volatile oil could be estimated. The highest NVEE of 0.86 per cent was obtained from the plants grown under 75 per cent shade and a spacing of 30 × 15cm. From the storage studies it was concluded that under ambient temperature the leaves could be stored for a maximum of 5.2 days and 4.8 days when grown under 50 per cent and 75 per cent shade respectively, whereas under cold storage, the leaves from 75% shade could be stored for a maximum of 109.65 days without any deterioration. Maximum benefit: cost ratios of 1.28, 1.27 and 1.21 were obtained in the treatments 75% shade and 15cm × 15 cm spacing, 75% shade and 10cm 15 cm and 75% shade and 20cm 15 cm spacing, respectively. In general, as the intensity of shade increased, performance of the crop was better. Since the highest level of shade (75%) was found to be the best for the growth and yield of Eryngium foetidum, a higher level of shade, can be studied. Further studies on intercropping Eryngium foetidum under the existing homestead farming situations and other shaded situations like coconut, rubber, oil palm and other perennial tree crops are necessary. Popularization of the crop and development of appropriate marketing strategy are necessary for making the crop more remunerative.Item Production technology of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) under protected cultivation(Department of agronomy, College of agriculture, Vellayani, 2014) Pintu Roy Vattakunnel; Sajitha Rani, TThe field experiment entitled “Production technology of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) under protected cultivation” was conducted at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during March 2013 to September 2013 to study the performance of chilli varieties and the effect of fertigation on productivity of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) under protected cultivation. The main plot treatments were a combination of growing conditions (poly house and open field) and fertigation (with fertigation and without fertigation) and the subplot treatments consisted of three varieties (Vellayani Athulya, Anugraha and Jwalamukhi). The study revealed that plants grown under poly house situation recorded significantly higher fruit length (11.77cm), number of fruits plant-1 (110.67), fruit yield plant-1 (604.08 g) and total fruit yield (29.54 t ha-1). Plants grown with fertigation registered higher number of fruits plant-1 (113.49), length of fruit (11.55 cm), fruit yield plant-1 (591.92 g) and total fruit yield (26.27 t ha-1). Maximum length of fruits (12.82 cm), fruit yield plant-1 (665.18 g) and total fruit yield (28.41 t ha-1) were obtained from Vellayani Athulya while, highest number of fruits plant-1 (154.21) was from Anugraha. Maximum length of fruits was observed in Vellayani Athulya grown under both poly house (12.91 cm) and open field situation (12.72 cm). Vellayani Athulya grown with fertigation also recorded maximum fruit length (13.67 cm). Vellayani Athulya recorded maximum shelf life (10.19 days) and ascorbic acid content (98.71 mg 100 g-1) where as maximum capsaicin content (1.38 per cent) was recorded by Jwalamukhi. Vellayani Athulya grown under poly house registered maximum shelf life (10.88 days) and ascorbic acid content (102.78 mg 100 g-1). Vellayani Athulya with fertigation recorded maximum ascorbic acid content (101.69 mg 100 g-1) while, Jwalamukhi grown with fertigation recorded maximum capsaicin content (1.40 per cent). Vellayani Athulya grown under poly house with fertigation recorded higher shelf life (12.00 days). Vellayani Athulya grown under poly house with fertigation recorded maximum ascorbic acid (108.74 mg 100 g-1). Maximum capsaicin was also recorded by Jwalamukhi grown under poly house with fertigation (1.43 per cent). Among growing conditions, maximum net return (Rs 5.22 lakhs ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.42) was obtained from poly house. On comparing with and without fertigation treatments, with fertigation treatments recorded maximum net return of Rs 4.46 lakhs ha-1 and among varieties, Vellayani Athulya (V1) recorded maximum net return of Rs 4.95 lakhs ha-1 and B: C ratio of 2.30.Item Productivity management in yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata var. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt) through crop geometry and nutrition(Department Of Olericulture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2005) Preetha, M D; Narayanankutty, C