1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Factors affecting yield in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)
    (Department of Horticulture (Pomology & Floriculture and Landscaping), College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1979) Parameswaran, N K; Damodaran, V K
    Investigations on the different vegetative, flowering and fruiting characters, influencing yield in cashew, were undertaken at the main campus of Kerala Agricultural University at Vellanikkara. These studies were made during the period from November 1978 to April 1979. Important vegetative characters studied were the percentage of flowered shoots per unit area of tree canopy and the growth parameters of the tree represented by spread and height. The major flowering and fruiting characters studied were the pattern of flower opening, percentage of bisexual flowers, factors affecting pollination, fruit-set, fruit-drop and the mean weight of nuts harvested. The results showed that among the vegetative characters, percentage of flowered shoots per unit area of tree canopy was found to be the most important factor, contributing to yield. Tree-spread was also found to have a positive correlation with yield. The influences of this character on yield was not direct but indirectly through the former character. There was no significant correlation between yield and height of the tree. Pattern of flower opening in cashew panicles was found to have three phases viz., the first male phase followed by a mixed phase which is again followed by a second male phase. The duration of these three phases was found to be varying in the different trees. It was found that some trees had only the mixed phase throughout and those trees yielding above the median had a longer mixed phase as compared to the trees yielding below the median. A positive correlation was found between yield and percentage of bisexual flowers in the tree. Among the flowering and fruiting characters affecting yield, this factor was found to influence yield much more than any other character. Examination of a random number of bisexual flowers revealed that a large proportion of bisexual flowers remained unpollinated in nature. So, lack of pollination was found to be one of the reasons for poor fruit-set and yield in cashew. This was further confirmed from the high fruit-set obtained in the hand pollinated panicles. Receptivity of the stigma was found to be continuing up for 48 hours after flower opening and hence it was not a limiting factor for securing high yield. Supplementing the natural pollination with the help of insect pollinators met with some success. Keeping bee-hives in the orchards during flowering season is advisable for facilitating better pollination. A positive correlation could be observed between yield and percentage of fruit-set but the ultimate yield was found to be adversely affected by the severe shedding of young fruits before reaching maturity. The intensity of fruit-drop was found to be high in the early stages of development but it declined during the later stages. The causes of fruit-drop that could be identified were those resulting from the attack of insect pests, adverse climatic conditions etc. Studies did not reveal any significant correlation between yield and mean weight of nuts harvested.
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    Studies on the effect of growth regulators on germination, growth and oil content in Sesame (Sesamum indicum-L)
    (Division of Agricultural Botany, Agricultural College & Research Institute, Vellayani, 1963) Santha Kumari, S; Kumara Pillai, P
    An experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Vellayani during 1962-63, to study the effect of three growth regulators NAA, GA and 2, 4-D on germination, growth and oil content of Sesamum indicum. NAA, GA and 2, 4-D at three different levels 0, 15, 30; 0, 25, 50; and 0, 2, 5 ppm. respectively, were tried for the present study . The three different stages of application were seed, seedling and at the time of flowering . The experiment was conducted as pot-culture in randomised block design with 5 replications and 27 treatment in factorial combinations. Observations on germination percentage, height of plants, number of branches and nodes, fresh weight of stem, number of flowers and fruits, percentage of fruit setting, yield and oil contents of seeds were recorded and the data statistically analysed.
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    Flower bud differentiation in Piper sp.
    (Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1985) Rajan, P S; Mohanakumaran, N
    Studies were undertaken at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1983-’84 in Panniyur-1 and Karimunda varieties of pepper to collect information on the factors influencing flower bud differentiation and on the histological aspects of the process. Among the climatic factors maximum and minimum temperature during the preceding summer as well as the monsoon showers exhibited significant positive correlation with flower bud differentiation process. Among the nutritional factors studied, carbohydrates and C/N ratio were found to be high prior to the peak differentiation period. However, these failed to show significant statistical correlation. Significant accumulation of nitrogen was found in the shoots prior to differentiation. Phosphorus and potassium contents were not correlated with the process. Inhibitor content of the shoots prior to differentiation was found to negatively influence the process. Peak period of differentiation was observed from the middle of June to the end of July in Panniyur-1, while it was a little advanced in Karimunda (from the beginning of June to the middle of July). There were no fundamental differences in the histological aspects of flower bud differentiation between the two varieties. The bud which was conical during the vegetative phase changed into a dome shaped structure during the transition. Afterwards, this grew into a cylindrical structure on the sides of which bract and flower primordial developed in aeropetal succession. Differentiation and development of ovary wall, integuments, ovules, pollen sacs, pollen grains etc. followed. The whole process of differentiation was completed within about 25 days of its commencement.
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    Effect of pruning on growth, quantity and quality of produce in pepper (Piper nigrum. L)
    (Department of Horticulture (Plantation Crops & Spices) College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1982) Sajan Kurien; Sivaraman Nair, P C
    The present investigations were carried out at the Pepper Research Schema, Vellanikkara during the period December 1980 to February 1982. The objectives were to find out. (1) Whether pruning encourages more lateral growth and thereby an increase in yield. (2) Whether it is necessary to retain large volume of unproductive shoots. Studies were conducted on six year old bearing vines and the following inferences were drawn. The nutrient removal was significantly superior in higher intensity pruning. Pruning of hanging shoots recorded significant difference in mean extension of growth and spread of plants after full growth. There were two growth flushes in May and October- November. The later was relatively smaller. Significant difference was noted in the production of shoots, number of bearing shoots, and number of spikes. In all the above three characters, hanging shoot removal was best. Spike and berry characters were unaffected by pruning.
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    Studies on intervarietal hybrids of tomato
    (Division of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1975) Rema Bai, N; Mary K George
    The present investigations were carried out in College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the year 1974-75. Five varieties of Lycopersion esculentum viz., YRFN-3, Mech9, VF36, Walter and Local were utilised for intercrossing. Investigations on the quantitative and qualitative characters, heterosis, hybrid sterility and sucrose content of the parents and hybrids were undertaken. Though the hybridisation work was done in all combinations, there was fruit setting only in fourteen crosses. YRFN-3 as male parent failed to cross with any other varieties except with Walter. In this case though fruit setting was occurred, seeds obtained were not viable. YRFN-3 as female parent also failed to cross with any other varieties except with Local.
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    Performance of greengram (vigna radiata( L.) wilczek) cultivars under different tillage methods
    (Department of Agronomy College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Abid, V; Bindhu, J S
    An experiment entitled “Performance of greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) cultivars under different tillage methods” was undertaken to study the response of selected greengram cultivars under different tillage methods and to identify the most economical combination of cultivar and tillage. The experiment was conducted during the period from December 2017 to March 2018 at Agronomy Farm, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara. Split plot design was adopted with three replications. The main plot treatments were four tillage methods viz., M1 - minimum tillage (primary tillage only), M2 - minimum tillage followed by pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1 kg ha-1, M3 - minimum tillage followed by post-emergence application of imazethapyr + imazamox @ 80 g ha-1 at 20 DAS and M4 - conventional tillage (Primary and secondary tillage) followed by two hand weedings at 15 and 30 DAS. Sub plot treatments were four cultivars; V1 –CO 6, V2 –CO 7, V3 –CO 8 and V4 -VBN (Gg)2. The growth attributes of greengram (plant height, number of branches and leaf area) at flowering and at harvest stages were influenced by tillage methods. Higher values were observed in minimum tillage followed by application of herbicide imazethapyr + imazamox @ 80 g ha-1 at 20 DAS and the lowest in minimum tillage. Among the cultivars, CO 8 and VBN (Gg)2 had recorded higher growth parameters. The physiological parameters, CGR, LAI, LAD and number of nodules per plant also varied with tillage methods and cultivars. The results revealed that yield parameters as well as yield were influenced by tillage methods and cultivars. Minimum tillage followed by application of imazethapyr + imazamox @ 80 g ha-1 at 20 DAS resulted in higher number of pods and number of seeds per pod and was at par with conventional tillage method. Among the cultivars, higher values of yield components were recorded in CO 8 followed by VBN (Gg)2. Minimum tillage followed by application of imazethapyr + imazamox @ 80 g ha-1 at 20 DAS recorded higher seed yield (748 kg ha-1) which was at par with conventional tillage. This was 102 per cent higher than yield from minimum tillage. The cultivar CO 8 recorded the highest seed yield (736 kg ha-1) and differed significantly from other three cultivars. All cultivars performed better under minimum tillage followed by application of imazethapyr + imazamox @ 80 g ha-1 at 20 DAS and conventional tillage followed by two hand weedings at 15 and 30 DAS. Among the interactions, the cultivar CO 8 in minimum tillage followed by imazethapyr + imazamox @ 80 g ha-1 recorded higher seed yield (942 kg ha-1) and it was at par with conventional tillage. The results revealed that weed density and dry weight varied with tillage methods but not with cultivars. The weed density was lower in conventional tillage method which was at par with minimum tillage followed by herbicide sprays. The soil nutrient status was not influenced by the cultivars. Among the tillage methods, minimum tillage method recorded higher values of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium after the experiment. The nutrient uptake was higher in minimum tillage followed by post emergence application of imazethapyr + imazamox @ 80 g ha-1 at 20 DAS. Economic analysis revealed that cultivar CO 8 grown under minimum tillage followed by imazethapyr + imazamox @ 80 g ha-1 at 20 DAS (M3V3) recorded the highest gross returns and benefit - cost ratio. Greengram cultivar CO 8 (V3) grown under minimum tillage method followed by post emergence herbicide spray of imazethapyr + imazamox @ 80 g ha-1 at 20 DAS (M3) can be recommended for summer rice fallows considering the yield and profitability.
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    Effect of seed treatment on growth, seed yield and quality in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench
    (Department of Seed Science and Technology College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Adersh, S; Dijee Bastian
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    Enhancing fruit set and yield of tomato (solanum lycopersicum L.) in polyhouse using artificial pollination and growth regulators
    (Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2018) Gayathri, G; Rafeekher, M
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    Influence of date of planting on seed yield and quality under two fertilizer levels in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
    (Department of Olericulture,College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1989) Rajan, N; Rajan, S
    An experiment was conducted at the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during the period from July, 1988 to February, 1989 to study the effect of date of planting on seed yield and quality under two fertility levels in tomato variety Sakthi (LE 79). The experiment was layout in a split plot design with three replications, as date of planting in the main plots and fertilizer levels in sub plots The date of planting had a significant impact on various growth and yield characters. The plant 'height and the number of secondary branches were maximum in October- planting. Inflorescence, clusters/ plant, flowers per cluster, fruits/cluster, pollen fertility and fruit set were also maximum in October planting followed by November planting. The February planted crops recorded, the lowest value, for these characters plots. The July' planting took longest time for crop duration while February planting registered the shortest duration. Fruits/plant, fruit yield/plant, average fruit weight and seed, yield/plant were higher in October planting followed by November planting. The lowest value for these characters was in February crop. The high level of fertilization (NPK 150:60:60 kg/ha) brought a significant improvement on these characters.
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    Karyomorphology, Pollen sterility and seedset in Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn) Nash.)
    (Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1989) Mini, K S; Viswanathan, T V
    Investigations on karyomorphology, pollen sterility and seedset in Vetiveria zizanioides were undertaken using eleven cultivars of Vetiver, including North Indian type, South Indian type and one hybrid. The observations on plant morphology indicated no clearcut morphological features employable for exact identification of North Indian and South Indian types of Vetiver. The somatic chromosome number was observed constant in all cultivars ie. 2n = 20. However, the different cultivars differed cytologically with respect to chromosomal characters like size and shape, total chromatin content and meiotic configurations during different stages of division. Presence of meiotic abnormalities like bridges and laggards were observed in all cultivars with highest frequency in O D V - 4. This cultivar also showed high percentage of pollen sterility. A direct relationship between meiotic abnormalities and pollen sterility was noticed. Studies on seedset pattern of different cultivars revealed very low set, mostly nil upon selfing, while all the cultivars produced fairly high quantity of seeds upon open pollination.