1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Physiochemical variations in different phenophases of fruit development and value addition in kokum (Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy)(Department of Postharvest Management, College of Agriculture , Vellanikkara, 2023-05-31) Sandhya ,Y S; Vikram , H CKokum is an important indigenous, underutilized fruit cum spice crop that originated in the Western Ghats of India. It belongs to the family Clusiaceae (Syn. Guttiferae). Locally, the fruit is called Birand (Konkani), Murugalu (Kannada), or Punarpuli (Malayalam) and is known as the "cool king" of Indian fruits. The rich bioactive profile of kokum makes it an ideal choice in healthy diets and the fruit is mainly used for culinary purposes. The shelf life of the fruit is about one week. The quality of kokum products and the shelf life of fruits are known to be influenced by several physiochemical changes during the fruit growth period. Hence, it is vital to study the physical and chemical changes during the fruit development to facilitate adopting strategies that address problems related to fruit management, harvest, quality, and preservation. In this context, the study was conducted in two experiments: physiochemical changes in different phenological growth stages of kokum fruit and the development of value-added products from kokum. The first experiment evaluated physiochemical characteristics and organic acids at eight stages of fruit growth, development and maturity. Significant variation was observed in the physical properties at all the stages of fruit development in both genotypes. The fruit weight increased from 1.86g (P1) to 29.51g (P8). The maximum fruit breadth was at stage P8 (3.61 cm). The fruit length (0.60 cm) was minimum at the fruit set stage (P1) and increased significantly to 3.27 cm at stage P8. The fresh rind weight gradually increased from the fruit set (P1) to the final stage of harvest (P8). The maximum fresh rind weight was at stage P8 (13.39 g), whereas the dried rind weight was at stage P7 (1.86 g). Rind thickness gradually increased from 0.20 mm (P1) to 2.41 mm (P7). The rind percentage gradually increased from stages P1 (19%) to P8 (45.28%). The sour genotype was superior in all the parameters when compared to sweet genotype. Significant differences were also observed in the chemical properties, such as moisture, acidity, TSS, total sugars, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, and total phenols in the different phenological stages (P1-P8) of kokum fruit in both the genotypes. The main fruit quality characteristics, such as the total soluble solids (11.08 ºBrix), total sugars (6.58%), and TSS: acidity ratio (3.04), were the highest at stage P8. At the same time, ascorbic acid (39.34 mg/100mg), acidity (6.53%), and total phenols (3.21 mg/g) of the fruit were the highest at stage P1 (fruit set). The moisture content increased from P1 (74.82%) to P8 (80.90%). The anthocyanin content of kokum rind increased from 5.26 (P1) to 23.46 mg/100g (P8) during the development of the fruit. This is the first kind of report on Garcinia indica with respect to organic acid profiling of both sweet and sour genotypes at different phenophases and eleven organic acids were successfully identified and quantified. The content of each organic acid varied significantly from fruit growth to maturity, except for tartaric acid. It was interesting to notice that the levels of hydroxycitric acid (233.16 mg/g), citric acid (107.28 mg/g), malic acid (18.75 mg/g), malonic acid (9.40 mg/g), fumaric acid (0.84 mg/g), and maleic acid (0.58 mg/g) were highest in stage P6. In contrast, the levels of succinic acid (44.24 mg/g), pyruvic acid (8.78 mg/g), and tartaric acid (0.35 mg/g) were highest in the final stage of harvesting, i.e., stage P8, whereas, shikimic acid (0.92 mg/g) and lactic acid (0.22 mg/g) were highest at stages P5 and P7, respectively. In the second experiment, a total of four types of products, viz., kokum carbonated RTS (KCR), kokum non-carbonated RTS (KNCR), kokum groundnut chutney powder (KGCP), and kokum coconut chutney powder (KCCP) were standardized using kokum rind powder. The data of RTS beverages revealed that treatments KNCR4 (15% kokum juice with 15 ºB), and KCR4 (10% kokum juice with 17 ºB) were found superior to all chemical parameters compared to other treatments. In instant chutney powders, KGCP4 (8% kokum powder with 60% roasted groundnut powder) recorded significantly higher total sugars, acidity, and ascorbic acid compared to other treatments of KGCP. Significantly higher total sugars, acidity, total phenols, and antioxidant activity was in KCCP4 (8% kokum powder with 60% roasted coconut powder) than other treatments of KCCP. Among the different treatments of kokum products, the highest organoleptic score was observed in KNCR2 (47.10), KCR3 (50.36), KGCP2 (45.99), and KCCP2 (47.69) in respected products. The products under refrigerated storage were found superior regarding sensory and microbial qualities. The microbial load was within acceptable level in all products made from kokum. The present study revealed that fruits harvested at the final maturity stage (P8) possessed the maximum fruit size, sugars, anthocyanins, lowest acidity, which are essential criteria in determining the maturity of the fruits. Therefore, it is suggested to harvest fruits at their complete maturity stage (P8). Value-added products can be developed from kokum fruit that can be utilized during the off-season. Due to its seasonality, adding value to this fruit will enable consumers to use it throughout the yearItem Morphological and biochemical diversity assessment of Garcinia indica(Thouars) choisy germplasm(Department of Forest Biology and Tree Improvement, College of Forestry,Vellanikkara, 2019) Raveena Kapatia; Santhoshkumar, A VA study on ^Morphological and biochemical diversity assessment of Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy germplasm' was conducted to find out variations in G. indica germplasm maintained at NBPGR Regional station, Thrissur. The study attempted to evaluate variability in general tree characters, flower, fhiit, biochemical characters and physio-chemical properties of butter. It was observed that large variability was present in morphometric characters like height, GBH and height of first branch, whereas characters like canopy shape and branching habit did not show much variations. In comparison to the general tree characters, leaf and flower characters showed less variability. Among all the leaf characters studied, petiole length showed largest variation (CV=20.2 percent). In case of flower characters, maximum variability was observed in pedicel length. Variability was also observed in the timing of flowering, which ranged from October to January. Variability study on fruit characters like fruit weight, rind weight and number of fruits showed significant variations. Yield ranged from 220 to 1050 fruits per tree. Fruit colour did not show much variations, mainly being dark purple and red. Primary metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins and crude fat showed considerable variability, while it was observed to be comparatively low in TSS and reducing sugar. Variability was also observed in secondary metabolites like phenols (CV = 29.1 percent) and ilavanoids (CV = 17.9 percent). It was observed that Hydroxy citric acid was present in large quantity in fruit rind, average being 36.5 g/IOOg. The variability study on minerals like Ca, Na, Mg, K and P revealed that K was present in the largest quantity, followed by Mg. Maximum variability was observed in P content (CV=24.4 percent) while minimum in K content (CV =9.5 percent). The average vitamin C content was estimated to be 37.17 mg/lOOg and CV being 27.6 percent. Variabilit>' study on physio- chemical properties of kokum butter showed that on an average 30.55 percent of butter (CV=12 percent) was obtained from the seeds. Less variability was present in the melting and pour point of butter. Chemical properties of butter like saponification value, acid value and iodine value also showed less variability.Item Survey, characterization and evaluation of clove (Syzigium aromaticum (L) Merr. and Perry) accessions(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Avinash, M; Sreekala, G SThe present study entitled “Survey, characterization and evaluation of clove (Syzigium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry) accessions” was taken up with the specific objective to characterize and evaluate clove accessions based on morphological and biochemical parameters. The Survey was carried out in the major clove growing plantations of Trivandrum, Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala and Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, as these districts harboured the major clove population. Twenty varied accessions were tagged as BRC-1, BRC-2, BRC-3, BRC-4, MRC- 5, MRC-6, MRC-7, MRC-8, AMC-9, AMC-10, AMC-11, AMC-12, AMC-13, MMC-14, MMC-15, BLC-16, BLC-17, BLC-18, MGC-19 and ANC-20 based on the name of the estates/location from where the trees were identified. Twenty one qualitative and thirty four quantitative characters were recorded. Qualitative characters included tree, leaf, bud, flower, fruit and seed characters. Considerable variation was noticed among the accessions for the qualitative characters namely canopy shape, branching pattern, colour of young leaf, colour of mature leaf, leaf lamina shape, leaf apex shape, bud forming season, bud clustering habit, bud size, colour of hypanthium, petal colour, sepal colour, colour of stigma, fruit shape and seed shape. Few characters like leaf arrangement, position of flower, colour of peduncle, mature fruit colour, ripe fruit colour and seed colour were non variable characters among the accessions evaluated. Bivariate analysis of major qualitative characters revealed major association between canopy shape and branching pattern; colour of young leaf and petal colour, sepal colour and colour of stigma; colour of mature leaf and bud size; and fruit shape and seed shape. The multivariate qualitative clustering using UPGMA method resulted in 13 clusters, at default 80% similarity. Quantitative characterisation of bud, flower, fruit, seed and quality parameters summarised based on the descriptive statistics revealed wider range of variability in number of inflorescence per m2 and single bud weight fresh and dry. The quality parameters assessed among the accessions revealed eugenol as the main constituent with a content range of 54.29 to 70.77%. GC MS analysis of the bud oils of the elite clove accessions exhibited 25 constituents, the major being p-eugenol, eugenyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, β-cubebene and α-humulene. The principal component analysis undertaken reduced the thirty two quantitative characteristics to two principal components accounting for 88.8% of total variation. Stem girth at 45 cm height, and single bud weight, fresh and dry; displayed high correlation with the first axis while number of inflorescence per m2 highly influenced the second axis indicating that these characters have an important role in clustering of clove accessions. A score plot generated based on the first two principal components using Minitab version 18 identified fourteen clusters. The parallelism between qualitative and quantitative clusters resulted in intuitive perceived quantitative characterisation, which tells the extent to which one can conceive the quantitative characters of clove based on easily identifiable qualitative characters. The linkage of characters analysed based on the biplot of component loadings revealed strong positive association between all the quantitative characters measured except girth at 45 cm height, number of branches, number of inflorescence per m2, single bud weight (fresh), single bud weight (dry) and fresh bud yield per tree. A near zero correlation was observed between number of inflorescence per m2 and single bud weight (fresh) and single bud weight (dry) as indicated by the perpendicular of the vectors. The results of the study indicated that by observing the qualitative characters and the minimum data set characters in the bearing season, one can optimally sort out the ideotype clove accessions. Identification of an ideotype using existing data revealed accessions BRC-1, MRC-5, MRC-6 and BRC-3 as ideotypes and thus can be suggested as elite accessions for further study and breeding work.