1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Gene action and gene expression analysis in tomato (Solanum iycopersicum L.) under moisture stress(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2021) Chippy, A K; Beena ThomasThe present investigation entitled ‘‘Gene action and gene expression analysis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under moisture stress” was conducted during the period 2017-2021, in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. Thirty-two genotypes including local genotypes of tomato were collected from different sources and studied under three different experiments. In the first experiment, twenty-one F1 hybrids derived from the line x tester mating and their ten parents were transplanted in the field and the treatment mean sum of square due to genotypes was found to be highly significant for all the characters studied which would ultimately indicate diverse nature of selected genotypes. The mean performance showed wide range of variation for most of the characters studied. Among lines, L7 (Pusa Ruby) showed higher mean performance for all-out of nine characters viz., plant height, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit volume, fruit weight, yield per plant, yield per plot, root length, root volume and relative water content. Among three testers, T2 (Kuttichal Local) showed favourable mean performance for seventeen traits viz., plant height, primary branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, number of flowering clusters per plant, number of fruits per cluster, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit volume, fruit weight, yield per plant, yield per plot, vitamin C, total acidity, stomatal frequency, root length, root volume and proline content. Under moisture stress (Second experiment), among the lines, L7 (Pusa Ruby) showed higher mean performance for eleven characters viz., plant height, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit volume, fruit weight, yield per plant, yield per plot, total soluble solids, root length, root volume and pollen viability. Among three testers, T2 (Kuttichal Local) showed favourable mean performance for sixteen traits viz., plant height, primary branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, number of flowering clusters per plant, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit volume, total soluble solids, total acidity, stomatal frequency, root length, root volume and canopy temperature. Based on general combining ability analysis, the line L6 (Arka Alok) ranked as top by exhibiting significant gca effects for six traits viz., fruit length, fruit girth, fruit volume, fruit weight, specific leaf area and root length. Among the testers, T3 (Kottayam Local) had superior gca effects for Days to 50% flowering, number of flowering clusters per plant, number of fruits per cluster, fruit length, fruit volume, yield per plot, total soluble solids, lycopene, titrable acidity canopy temperature and proline content. Under moisture stress, the line L3 (Akshaya) ranked as top by exhibiting significant gca effects for ten traits viz., primary branches per plant, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, yield per plant, yield per plot, stomatal frequency, specific leaf area, canopy temperature and pollen viability. Among the testers, T1 (Palakkad Local) had superior gca effects for plant height, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit girth, fruit volume, yield per plant, yield per plot, total soluble solids, relative water content, canopy temperature and proline content. In the case of hybrids, Based on mean performance, the crosses L1 x T1 (Vellayani Vijay x Palakkad Local), L2 x T3 (Anagha x Kottayam Local), L3 x T1 (Akshaya x Palakkad Local), L3 x T3 (Akshaya x Kottayam Local), L4 x T1 (PKM 1 x Palakkad Local), L4 x T2 (PKM 1 x Kuttichal Local), L5 x T1 (Arka Meghali x Palakkad Local), L5 x T2 (Arka Meghali x Kuttichal Local), L5 x T3 (Arka Meghali x Kottayam Local), L6 x T2 (Arka Alok x Kuttichal Local) and L6 x T3 (Arka Alok x Kottayam Local) were superior for different yield characters. Under moisture stress, Hybrids L3 x T1 (Akshaya x Palakkad Local), L3 x T3 (Akshaya x Kottayam Local), L4 x T1 (PKM 1 x Palakkad Local), L4 x T2 (PKM 1 x Kuttichal Local), L5 x T2 (Arka Meghali x Kuttichal Local), L7 x T2 (Pusa Ruby x Kuttichal Local) and L7 x T3 (Pusa Ruby x Kottayam Local) were superior for yield based on mean value. Based on combining ability studies under normal field condition, identified superior crosses such as L1 x T1 (Vellayani Vijay x Palakkad Local), L2 x T1 (Anagha x Palakkad Local), L2 x T3 (Anagha x Kottayam Local), L3 x T1 (Akshaya x Palakkad Local), L3 x T3 (Akshaya x Kottayam Local), L4 x T1 (PKM 1 x Palakkad Local), L4 x T2 (PKM 1 x Kuttichal Local), L6 x T2 (Arka Alok x Kuttichal Local), L6 x T3 (Arka Alok x Kottayam Local), L7 x T1 (Pusa Ruby x Palakkad Local) and L7 x T3 (Pusa Ruby x Kottayam Local) exhibited higher sca effects for yield per plant. Under moisture stress, identified superior crosses such as L1 x T2 (Vellayani Vijay x Kuttichal Local), L2 x T3 (Anagha x Kottayam Local), L3 x T1 (Akshaya x Palakkad Local), L4 x T2 (PKM 1 x Kuttichal Local), L5 x T2 (Arka Meghali x Kuttichal Local), L6 x T2 (Arka Alok x Kuttichal Local) and L7 x T3 (Pusa Ruby x Kottayam Local) exhibited higher sca effects for yield per plant. Based on heterosis, Overall, nineteen hybrids (L1 x T1, L1 x T2, L1 x T3, L2 x T1, L2 x T2, L2 x T3, L3 x T1, L3 x T3, L4 x T1, L4 x T2, L4 x T3, L5 x T1, L5 x T2, L5 x T3, L6 x T1, L6 x T2, L6 x T3, L7 x T1 and L7 x T3) from twenty one crosses revealed significant and positive heterobeltiosis for yield per plant under normal field condition. In the case of gene action, dominance genetic variance (σ2D) is higher than additive genetic variance (σ2A) was observed for all the traits under normal field condition and water stress condition, indicating that traits are controlled by non-additive gene action. Correlation study revealed yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with the traits viz., primary branches per plant, number of flowering clusters per plant, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit girth, fruit volume, fruit weight and yield per plot. Based on qRT-PCR, the expression of both genes (moisture stress related genesSlDREB 1 and SlWRKY 4) was upregulated under water stress in all selected genotypes and the expression was more than moisture stress tolerant check variety. The result is in accordance with the analysis of moisture stress related physiological characters in these genotypes in the field under stress. From the study, identified tolerant sources for moisture stress viz., Akshaya, Pusa Ruby and Kuttichal Local, these lines and tester can be used in breeding programmes for moisture stress tolerance. Based on mean performance and gca, the genotypes Vellayani Vijay, Akshaya, Arka Meghali, Arka Alok and Kottayam local which showed superiority in yield and fruit quality traits can be used for breeding for improvement of yield and quality traits. The hybrids L3xT1 (Akshaya x Palakkad Local), L4 x T2 (PKM 1 x Kuttichal Local), L5 x T2 (Arka Meghali x Kuttichal Local) and L7 x T3 (Pusa Ruby x Kottayam Local) which showed superiority for yield and quality characters with tolerance to moisture stress can be recommended for release after yield trials.Item Combining ability in bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1995) Rajani, B; Manju, PThe study was carried out in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture , Vellayani during 1994-95 to estimate the combining ability of six genetically divergent parental strains of bhindi and their 30 F1 hybrids obtained by crossing the six parents in a diallel pattern. The magnitude of heterosis and nature of gene action governing the yield of fruits and other important yield attributes was also elicited through Hayman's numerical and graphical approach. The combinig ability analysis by the Method 1 of Griffing's (1956) approach revealed that the parent P4 (NBPGR/TCR 864) was the best general combiner for yield and a few yield related characters. Among the hybrids P1 X P4 (NBPGR/TCR 893 x NBPGR/TCR 864) exhibited outstanding s.c.a effects for yield. Non addictive gene action was found to govern days to first flowering number of flowers per plant, length of fruit, girth of fruit, weight of single fruit, weight of fruits per plant and number of seeds per fruit while the remaining characters were governed by addictive gene action.Item Genetic analysis in red gram (Cajanus cajan L.)(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1990) Achamma Oommen; Narayanan Namboodiri, K MThe research project "Genetic analysis in red gram" was carried out in the College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Trichur during the period 1985-90. A 5 x 5 diallel cross, excluding reciprocals conducted in red gram revealed the predominance of additive gene effect for all the characters except days to first flowering. The combining ability analysis showed PLA-550 as the best general combiner; and the F 1 of the cross UPAS-120 x I.C. 15708 to have good specific combining ability. Negative heterosis over both the parents was exhibited by UPAS-120 x I.C. 15708 and PLA-550 x PLA-600 for days to first flowering and days to maturity which showed that early maturing segregants could be obtained from these crosses. The same crosses showed relative heterosis for yield also. The analysis of generation means by using six parameter model revealed the importance of both additive and dominance gene effects in the expression of most of the characters. Additive x additive and dominance x dominance effects showed influence in the expression of the characters. Among the components of variances dominance variance was higher for most of the characters. Heritability in narrow sense was found to be low. Number of clusters per plant and number of pods per plant were highly correlated with yield in parents, F 1 's and F2's. As the yield and yield components in the present study were under all the three types of gene action viz., additive, dominance and epistasis, reciprocal recurrent selection procedure seems to be the best suited method of breeding for improvement of this crop.