1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Standardization of technology for microgreen production(Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2021) Arya, K S; Sangeetha Kutty, MMicrogreens are new class of vegetables that are gaining popularity in the recent years due to their attractive appearance coupled with vivid flavors. They are young immature greens produced from seeds of vegetables or herbs which are harvested at its true leaf stage. Most of the research works in this area are carried out with temperate species of crops whose seeds are very expensive. Hence there is a need to popularize the microgreens of tropical species at an affordable price with minimum inputs, so that it is easily accessible to common people. The study entitled “Standardization of technology for microgreen production” was conducted at the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara during January to October 2021. The study was experimented with wheat, ragi, green gram, horse gram, amaranthus and mustard whose seeds were collected from the local market. It was conducted as four experiments (standardization of seed treatment, standardization of media, standardization of seed density and to assess the nutritional value and yield under different growing conditions). The first experiment was to standardize seed treatment done using two chemicals hydrogen peroxide and vinegar treated at different concentrations. The observations on germination percentage, seedling vigour and yield were recorded. The seed treatment did not show any effect on growth of microgreens when compared to the control on the parameters recorded. The microscopic observation of freshly harvested microgreens for fungal contamination indicated absence of any contamination in the fresh microgreens. The experiment on standardizing growing media was carried out using five media viz, sterile sand, cocopeat, coir mat, tissue paper and newspaper. The observation on yield, seedling height, nutritional value of microgreens and microscopic observation on fungal growth were recorded. Yield was observed to be highest in microgreens grown on cocopeat media and lowest was recorded in microgreen grown on newspaper media and among the crops it was highest for green gram microgreens (1.03 to 1.49 kg/m2). The seedling height showed a slight decrease in ragi and mustard microgreens grown on newspaper and comparing the crops, it was observed to be maximum in green gram microgreens (10.23- 10.54 cm). The nutritional parameters recorded were not showing any difference when sown in different media. The wheat microgreens were observed to rich source of vitamin C, beta carotene and protein, ragi microgreens were showing more calcium and vitamin C and beta carotene content, green gram microgreen were rich in protein, vitamin C and calcium, horse gram microgreens were rich in vitamin C, chlorophyll, beta carotene and crude protein, amaranthus microgreens possess high iron, calcium, beta carotene and vitamin C content and mustard microgreens were rich in protein and beta carotene, iron and vitamin C. Microscopic observation on freshly harvested produce revealed that there is absence of fungal contamination in microgreens. The seed density for microgreen production was standardized in the third experiment. The seeds were sown at three densities viz, low, medium and high density for each crop. The observations recorded included yield, seedling height and microscopic observation on fungal growth. The yield was recorded to be highest when sown at high density for wheat (705 g seeds/m2), ragi (520g seeds/m2) and amaranthus(120g seeds/m2) microgreens and medium density planting yielded highest for green gram (850g seeds/m2), horse gram (617 g seeds/m2) and mustard (440 g seeds/m2) microgreens. The seedling height recorded was observed to be on par except for green gram and horse gram microgreens, where highest seedling height was found in medium density planting. No fungal contamination was observed in microscopic observation of fresh produce. Nutritional value and yield of microgreens grown under two conditions (room condition and rain shelter) were studied in fourth experiment. The parameters recorded were yield, seedling height, nutrient content under two conditions, organoleptic evaluation and shelf life of microgreens. The yield was observed to be significantly high when raised under rain shelter condition than room condition. Among the crops it was highest for green gram microgreens (2.261 kg/m2). The seedling height was observed to reduce under rain shelter condition. Nutritional content was also observed to be high when planted under rain shelter for all parameters viz, iron, calcium, beta carotene, vitamin C, crude protein, crude fibre, chlorophyll, oxalates and nitrates. Organoleptic evaluation revealed highest total mean rank for mustard microgreens (54.56) raised under room condition. The shelf life study revealed that the storage period of microgreens can be extended when it is stored in ziplock PPE bag under low temperature condition. In this study, several aspects of microgreens production viz, seed treatment, growing media, seed density, growth conditions and shelf life were standardized. The results indicate that microgreen cultivation can be recommended both as a commercial and household venture.Item Integrated weed management in green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2021) Saveri Gopakumar; Meera V MenonWeeds are known to cause substantial yield losses in green gram, owing to the slow initial growth of the crop and severe competition by weeds. Although hand weeding has been proved effective in reducing weed infestation, unavailability of timely labour and high labour costs have created practical difficulties in adopting manual weeding on a large scale, thus increasing the dependency on chemical weed control using herbicides. However, continuous use of herbicides results in problems like environmental contamination and resistance development. The present study entitled “Integrated weed management in green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]” was undertaken with the objective of developing an economically viable integrated weed management strategy that provided broad spectrum weed control in green gram. The field experiment was carried out from December 2020 to March 2021 at Kotteppadam rice field under the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara. The experiment included eight treatments replicated thrice in a randomized block design (RBD). The treatments were: stale seed bed for 14 days followed by (fb) shallow digging (T 1 ), stale seed bed for 14 days fb shallow digging fb oxyfluorfen at 0-3 DAS (T 2 ), oxyfluorfen at 0-3 DAS fb hand weeding at 25 DAS (T 3 ), imazethapyr at 0-3 DAS fb hand weeding at 25 DAS (T 4 ), imazethapyr + imazamox at 0-3 DAS fb hand weeding at 25 DAS (T 5 ), diclosulam at 0-3 DAS fb hand weeding at 25 DAS, hand weeding at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (T 7 ) and unweeded control (T 8 ). The major broad leaved weeds observed were Melochia corchorifolia, Aeschynomene indica, Grangea maderaspatana, Phyllanthus amara, Heliotropium indicum, Mimosa invisa and Mimosa pudica, whereas Brachiaria mutica, Digitaria ciliaris, Echinochloa colona, Oryza sativa and Cynodon dactylon were the predominant grasses. Hand weeding resulted in the lowest weed density as well as weed dry matter production at all stages of observation. All the pre-emergence herbicidesintegrated with hand weeding were also equally effective, among which imazethapyr+ imazamox fb hand weeding and diclosulam fb hand weeding recorded the highest weed control efficiency of 97 per cent. Similarly, nutrient removal by weeds was the lowest in hand weeding, which was statistically similar to all the treatments where herbicide application was integrated with hand weeding. Stale seed bed provided effective control of weeds only during the early stages of crop growth. Weed density, weed dry matter production, nutrient removal by weeds and weed index were invariably the highest in unweeded control. Number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, grain yield and haulm yield of green gram were higher in hand weeding and the treatments where herbicide application was integrated with hand weeding. Uncontrolled weed growth resulted in yield losses up to 70 per cent in green gram, which was reduced to 5.82 per cent and 8.22 per cent in imazethapyr + imazamox fb hand weeding and diclosulam fb hand weeding respectively. These treatments registered high grain and haulm yields of 549 kg and 1296 kg, and 535 kg and 1271 kg respectively. Although the application of pre-emergence herbicides resulted in a reduction in the soil microbial count at flowering as compared to the untreated plots, the population recovered by harvest stage in the plots treated with oxyfluorfen, imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox. However, diclosulam was found to have a pronounced inhibitory effect on the soil microbial population at harvest as well. Available N, P and K contents in soil were found the lowest in unweeded control. Although the gross returns were the highest in hand weeding, imazethapyr + imazamox fb hand weeding and diclosulam fb hand weeding registered the highest net returns of Rs. 9,126/ha and Rs. 8,733/ha, respectively. Accordingly, B:C ratio was also the highest in imazethapyr + imazamox fb hand weeding (1.28) and diclosulam fb hand weeding (1.27). Thus, application of these two pre-emergence herbicides followed by hand weeding at 25 DAS proved highly successful in achieving season- long weed control in green gram, thereby enhancing the yields and fetching higher monetary returns.Item Productivity enhancement of rice based cropping system with pulses(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2019) Adarsh, S; Jacob JohnItem Determination of phytotonic effect of insecticides on rice crop(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1982) Gade Krishna Kumari; Mohan Das, NWhen applied at 15 DAS alone carbofuran at 0.5 kg ai/ha, phorate 1.25 kg ai/ha and monocrotophos and quinalphes at 0.25 kg ai/ha increased the yield significantly over control.Monocrotophos and quinalphes at 2 kg ai/ha wore found phytotoxic The higher doses of 4 kg ai/ha of carbofuran c and 10 kg al/ha of phorate were on par with the lower doses of the insecticides. This revealed the lower. dose were the maximum levels to which the plants in nursery could respond to the toxicants.Item Model for selecting black gram (Phaseolus mungo Roxb.) varieties for yield and adaptability under partial shade(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1987) Geetha Philip; Gopimony, RA study on the parameters of variability, correlation and path coefficient were undertaken in twenty black gram varieties to formulate a model for selecting varieties having good yield and adaptability under partial shade. The study was conducted at the Department of Plant Breeding, Vellayani during May to November of 1986. The varieties showed significant differences in most of the characters studied. Genotypic coefficient of variation was maximum for Cercospora leaf spot disease (rating) and minimum for days to pod harvest initiation. High heritability estimate was observed for days to pod harvest initiation. Genetic gain was maximum for Cercospora leaf spot disease (rating). LAI at blooming and LAI at harvest recorded high heritability and high genetic gain indicating the presence of additive gene action. Days through which pod harvest-continued, plant height and number of branches per plant showed moderate to high heritability and genetic gain* At the genotypic level seed yield showed high positive correlation with days to 50 per cent flowering, days to pod harvest initiation, number of nodes per plant, number of pod clusters per plant, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Path coefficient analysis projected days to pod harvest initiation, days through which pod harvest continued, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight as the traits exerting high positive direct effect on seed yield. Days to 50 per cent flowering plant height, number of nodes per plant, number of branches per plant and length of root also exerted positive direct effect on yield.Item Variability studies in cowpea(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1981) Jalajakumari, M B; Narayanan Namboodiri, K MStudies were undertaken with seventeen cowpea varieties representing seventeen clusters, in the Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1979-80 to estimate the extent of genetic variability, association among the selected characters and its partition into direct and indirect effects through Path Coefficient Analysis. A discriminant function analysis was carried out with a view to isolating superior genotypes from among those studied.Item Studies on the performance of four varieties of green gram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) under graded levels of phosphorus(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1979) Balachandran, P V; Sasidhar, V KAn experiment was conducted at the Instructional farm, attached to the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, during the period from June to September 1978 to study the performance of four varieties of green gram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) under graded levels of phosphorus.Item Model for selecting black gram (Phaseolus mungo Roxb.) varieties for yield and adaptability under partial shade(Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1987) Geetha PhilipA study on the parameters of variability, correlation and path coefficient were undertaken in twenty black gram varieties to formulate a model for selecting varieties having good yield and adaptability under partial shade. The study was conducted at the Department of Plant Breeding, Vellayani during May to November of 1986. The varieties showed significant differences in most of the characters studied. Genotypic coefficient of variation was maximum for Cercospora leaf spot disease (rating) and minimum for days to pod harvest initiation. High heritability estimate was observed for days to pod harvest initiation. Genetic gain was maximum for Cercospora leaf spot disease (rating). LAX at blooming and LAX at harvest recorded high heritability and high genetic gain indicating the presence of additive gene action. Days through which pod harvest continued, plant height and number of branches per plant showed moderate to high heritability and*genetic gain. At the genotypic level seed yield showed high positive correlation with days to 50 per cent flowering, days to pod harvestinitiation, number of nodes per plant, number of pod clusters per plant, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Path coefficient analysis projected days to pod harvest initiation, days through which pod harvest continued, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight as the traits exerting high positive direct effect on seed yield. Days to 50 per cent flowering plant height, number of nodes per plant, number of branches per plant and length of root also exerted positive direct effect on yield. The study indicated that the model for plant selection in black gram under partial shade should be of taller ones with more number of branches, nodes and pods per plant.