1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Ground water resources modelling of a watershed using modflow(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2015) Sajeena, S; Kurien, E KA study on ‘Ground water resources flow modelling and mapping of a watershed using MODFLOW’, was carried out for Kadalundi river basin of Malappuram District in Kerala. The objectives of the research were 1. to study the aquifer characteristics of the study area, 2. to study the spatial and temporal ground water variations in the study area, 3. to identify the potential ground water zones within the study area using earth resistivity studies and 4. to develop a ground water flow model for the river basin using Visual MODFLOW. Kadalundi river basin has a drainage area of 1122 km 2 with a main stream length of 130 km, originating from the Western Ghats at the western boundary of Silent Valley. River flows through the district of Malappuram and downstream reach of the river falls into Arabian Sea. In order to evaluate the aquifer characteristics of the study area, spatial and temporal variations of ground water level of dug wells and bores wells were analyzed separately. Monthly water table data from 16 bore wells and 14 dug wells during the period from 2008 to 2013 were used for the study. From the p re and post monsoon water table and piezometric water level variations and from the water table and piezometric water level hydrograph studies, it was observed that the water table and piezometric level fluctuation in low land, mid land and high land area were correlated with rainfall except at some locations like Kottakkal, Marakkara and Tanur. Hydraulic continuity studies were carried out with the help of statistical analysis and it indicated that the hydraulic continuity of ground water and surface water exists between aquifers of dug wells and bore wells in major part of study area. Areas like Thirurangadi, Kottakkal and Some part of Perinthalmanna, variation of piezometric water level was poorly correlated with rainfall, which indicated that hydraulic continuity does not exist in that areas and these areas are suitable for deep bore wells.Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method was carried out using Signal Stacking Resistivity Meter (MODEL-SSR-MP-ATS) at 22 locations. The apparent resistivity values obtained from the resistivity meter were interpreted with the help of ‘IPI2WIN’ software to obtain the layer parameters. The sounding curves are of A,H,K,Q,HK and KH types reulting in 3 to 4 layer sequence. The curves are prominently of H, Q, K and A type indicating the presence of three layer and combination of curves like HK and KH indicating the four sub surface layers. Most parts of the study area are dominated by H type curve which indicates the presence of good quantity groundwater. Visual MODFLOW software version 2.8.1 developed by Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc. was used for the flow modelling of the study area. The conceptual model for the study area was developed based on the base map of Kadalundi river basin, topo sheet of the area, well logs at 30 sites and the data obtained from the geophysical studies conducted in the study area. Discretization was done by dividing it into 62 rows and 136 columns with a grid spacing of 500 m x 500 m throughout the area and the cells outside the boundary of the study area were made as inactive. Monthly pumping rate from 35 pumping wells and monthly water level data from thirty head observation wells of Ground Water Department (GWD), Government of Kerala were used as well inputs of Visual MODFLOW. Hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, specific storage, specific yield, porosity and initial heads and boundary conditions of the model domain including constant head, rivers, drains, recharge and evapotranspiration were used as input of Visual MODFLOW. After uploading input parameters, the model was run for steady state and transient state subsequently. Model was developed and calibrated using four years data from 2008 to 2011 and a reasonably good agreement was obtained between computed and observed water levels. After calibration, the model was validated for t w o years data of 2012 and 2013. The root mean square error (RMSE) for almost all the wells during validation were reasonably low and within acceptable limits except a few wellsvery close to the river which are most likely to be influenced by the interflow of river. After the model development and validation, it was used to predict the flow head for the next 15 years assuming five per cent yearly decrease in recharge and also to predict the ground water condition by increasing the pumping rate by 10, 25 and 50 per cent of pumping rate of the validation period (2013). From the modelling studies, it can be concluded that the Kadalundi river basin will remain safe for next five years from the point of future ground water development and subsequently the water table may reach the bed rock. This necessitates artificial ground water recharge techniques to supplement the recharge of rainfall to the ground water.Item Development of an automatic cleaning mechanism for roof water harvesting(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2016) Lakshminarayana, S V; Sathian, K KItem Hydrologic assessment of a small watershed to combat agricultural drought(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2017) Vallu Tejaswini; Sathain, K KWater is the most indispensable natural resources for the survival of all living beings. On the other hand, water availability is declining and the demand is increasing, making the gap between these two wider day by day.Scientific water management is a must to sustain the domestic and irrigation water needs. Quantifying the elements of hydrologic processes at micro watershed scale and at weekly or monthly temporal scale is the most important prerequisite for water resources development of a locality. For understanding the watershed characteristics and behavior, models play an important role which are also useful for extrapolating the current conditions to potential future conditions. Hydrological modeling is considered as a powerful technique in planning water resources. In this study, the hydrology of Valanchery watershed, a small sub watershed of Bharathapuzha, was modeled using SWAT, a physically based distributed watershed model. The study aims to calibrate the model, simulate the hydrologic elements and stream flow and to suggest remedies to combat the water scarcity in the study area. Using ArcGIS 10.2.2, the datasets required for the ArcSWAT was prepared. As the watershed selected for the study was ungauged, the model was calibrated for Kunthipuzha basin which lies in the immediate neighbourhood and having similar characteristics with the study area. For this, the model was initially set up and ran for Kunthipuzha basin and using the daily observed stream flow at Pulamanthole gauging station, the model was calibrated and validated. The calibration and validation periods were respectively, 2000 to 2006 and 2007 to 2009. An NSE = 0.81 and R2 = 0.82 was obtained for calibration, an NSE = 0.73 and R2 = 0.88 was received for validation. With these calibrated parameters, the model was set up and ran for the Valanchery watershed using regionalization technique. The whole watershed characteristics and behavior and that of sub watersheds and of different reaches of the mainstream were determined and predicted. It was found that the characteristics and hydrologic process elements such as surface runoff, lateral flow, deep percolation, base flow and ET of the various sub watersheds were varying considerably. Using these vital information, water resources conservation and utilization can be planned scientifically at micro spatial levels to mitigate the water scarcity scenario.Item Effect of land use on water yield from small agricultural watersheds of western ghats(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 1993) Abdul Hakkim, V M; Xavier K JacobEffect of deforestation and other land use changes brought about by human activities of hydrologic cycle continues to be of great concern. A study was conducted to assess the effect of land use on water yield from small agricultural watersheds of Western Ghats of Kerala. Four small watersheds planted with cashew, rubber, coffee and tea were selected for the study. To get information regarding rainfall, temperature, humidity and daily evaporation; raingauges, thermometers and USWB class A Pan evaporimeters were installed in each watershed. The runoff which is of specific concern was measured using stage level recorders along with weirs and flumes. Infiltration measurements were done using double cylinder infiltrometers. Soil samples were collected from each watershed and were analysed for grain size distribution, soil pH and organic carbon content. Different geomorphological characteristics of the watersheds were also worked out. Analysis of rainfall and runoff data indicated that nearly 50 per cent of the total rain fall leaves these watersheds as runoff except in the case of rubber watershed. The infiltration studies indicated that all these watersheds have high infiltration rates even after saturation, thereby absorbing even the most intense storms of the study period. From the hydrograph analysis of these watersheds it was observed that the hydrographs attain a sharp peak immediately as the rainfall and there is a baseflow which is folowing through the 3 watersheds, except in the case of rubber watershed. The rubber watershed is very small and lies adjacent to the Kuttiadi reservoir. The interflow from the rubber watershed was observed to join the reservoir avoiding the measuring channel. From the soil profile analysis of Western Ghat region it was observed that there is an impermeable clay layer lying below the laterite having an average thickness of 3.5 m located at 7 to 10.5 m below the ground surface. The results of the study leads to the conclusion that the infiltrated rain water meets the impermeable layer and there it flows laterally through the soil. This lateral interflow reaches the valley portion of the watersheds where it saturates the soil. This saturated area acts like an impervious layer producing 100 per cent surface runoff and it is responsible for the sharp peak of hydrographs. Runoff is generated from these source areas and Hortanian overland flow is a rare phenomenon in these watersheds. Thus from the study it was concluded that land use has no significant effect on water yield from the selected small agricultural watersheds of Western Ghats of Kerala.Item Mathematical model for sediment yield in agricultural watershed(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 1998) Babu, V; Remadevi, A N. The knowledge of temporal distribution of sediment yield is required in the design and operation of soil and water conservation programmes on watershed basis. For the project planning purposes, the estimates made are mostly based on experience. Such estimates are very approximate and grossly inadequate for engineering analysis. Therefore there is an urgent need for , rational analysis of erosion data from catchments, inorder to obtain relationship for erosion rate. Therefore a mathematical daily sediment yield model is developed for Thuthapuzha drainage basin (940 km2 ) of Bharathapuzha basin, corresponding to Muskingum routing equation. The model is based on combined approach of translation and routing for simulating sediment graphs. Thirty seven selected storm events of the drainage basin observed during 1986- 92 are used for estimation of model parameters by Lagrange multipliers method and three storm events of 1993 are used for verification of the model. The model is used to compute temporal distribution of suspended sediment yield on storm basis and their performance is evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Mathematical relationships of mobilized ~ sediment with effective rainfall; computed sediment flow rates with observed sediment flow rates and observed and computed sediment flow with effective rainfall and mobilized sediment were also established. The Correlation Coefficient of all those equations are found to be close to one. The statistical measures of Percentage Absolute Error in peak sediment flow rates, Absolute Prediction Error, Integral Square Error, Correlation Coefficient and Coefficient of Efficiency of the model are obtained as 3.9934, 9.0007, 5.3286, 0.9951 and 0.9659 respectively. The study reveals that the developed model is a very effective tool in the real time forecasting of sediment yield in Thuthapuzha drainage basin.Item Forms of water loss and water requirement of rice in kole lands(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 1988) Lissy Devid Chirayath; George, T PRice is the most important and extensively cultivated food crop in Kerala. Efficient use of water for crop production has been a major concern for centuries. As the water needs of rice is many times greater than other crops, a precise knowledge of water requirement of crop attains importance for increasing production. The present investigation was taken up to estimate the losses through evaporation, transpiration, percolation and to assess the total water requirement of a medium duration rice variety Jaya, in Punja season in Kanjany Kole lands in Trichur district, which has not been assessed so far. The Kole areas are reclaimed lake beds below mean sea level. The main source of irrigation water to the Kole lands is from the Peechi irrigations system. The experiment was conducted during Punja season of 1986 in Kanjany Kole lands. Estimations of evaporation, transpiration and percolation were made on the basis of measurements, using evaporimeter, evapotranspirimeter and field hook gauge. From the study it was revealed that the total water requirement was 2134.22 mm. Percentages of water lost by percolation, transpiration and evaporation were 70.34, 17.32 and 12.34 respectively. Rate of evaporation was almost constant during first twenty days, then started decreasing up to 69 days and then onwards was almost constant during the final stage. Rate of transpiration remained almost constant up to ten days, then started increasing up to fifty days and then remained almost a constant up to final stage. Rate of total loss of water was increasing from transplanting, reached a maximum of 28.6 mm after 26 days, then started decreasing up to final stage. When the level of water in the canal is very low, this study has shown that the percolation loss in Kole lands could be as high as 28.6 mm. So by maintaining water level in the canal, we can save wastage of water due to deep percolation. Shortage of irrigation water is a serious problem in most of Kole area during Punja season. Knowledge of water requirement of rice in kole lands will greatly help in efficient utilisation of the limited water available in the reservoirs.Item Simulation studies on different design parameters of spurs (Groynes)(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 1995) Roy Mathew; Xavier K JacobThe Use of spurs as river training measure has proved to be an effective means of protecting river bank and their design requires indepth knowledge about its parameters related to the solution of a specific river training problem. To analyse various design parameters of spurs, a simulation study was conducted at KERI,Peechi. Characteristics such as flow pattern, velocity distribution and scour pattern was analysed for different spur lengths 25 cm, 35 cm, 45 cm and 55 cm, spur angles 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200, spur spacings 2L, 3L, 4L and 5L and for discharge rates 14.14 1ps, 28.28 1 ps and 42.42 1 ps. Single spur and multiple spur scheme were tested on rigid as well as mobile bed condition. The analysis of the obtained flow pattern, velocity distribution and scour pattern reveals that the specified design parameters have a significant effect on flow diversion, length of bank protected, maximum scour depth at the spur nose, percentage increase in velocity at opposite bank etc. The analysis of the present study also led to conclusion that L/B ratio of 0.19, spure angle of 900 was the best combination for single spur study and the same with a spacing of 5L was most effective for multiple spur scheme.Item Comparative evaluation of naturally ventilated polyhouse and rainshelter on the performance of tomato(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2017) Pooja, B G; Abdul Hakkim, V MA study was conducted in the Instructional Farm of KCAET, Tavanur, Kerala, during the period from December 2016 to April 2017 to compare the performance of tomato grown under polyhouse and rainshelter cultivation. Tomato variety Akshaya, released by KAU, was used for the study. Drip irrigation system using venturi assembly was used for fertilizer application. The variation of weather parameters such as maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and soil temperature during the crop growth period was studied. Mean monthly values of temperature, relative humidity and soil temperature inside the polyhouse was higher than that in rainshelter throughout the growth period. The maximum temperature (36.4 0C) was recorded inside the naturally ventilated polyhouse during the month April and minimum temperature (22.3 0C) was observed in the rainshelter during month of January. The maximum relative humidity (83.82 per cent) was observed in the month of December in the polyhouse and the minimum relative humidity (70.2 per cent) was observed in the month of April in the rainshelter in the morning. The maximum soil temperature (37.8 0C) was observed under the polyhouse in the month of March at the morning and minimum soil temperature (25 0C) was observed inside the rainshelter in the month of February. Crop growth parameters such as plant height, inter-nodal length, number of branches, stem girth, number of leaves and time taken for flower initiation were noted during various crop growth stages for all the treatments. During all growth stages, the plant height and inter-nodal length were significantly higher inside the polyhouse than rainshelter. Stem girth of the plant was higher under rainshelter than the rainshelter. The higher numbers of leaves per plant were observed under rainshelter structure than polyhouse. Among the different treatments, early flower initiation (45 days) was observed in the polyhouse and late flower initiation (49 days) in rainshelter. Yield parameters such as number of fruits per plant and total yield per plant for each treatment were noted during various crop growth stages. Number of fruits per plant was maximum under rainshelter than naturally ventilated polyhouse at all the growing stages of the plant growth. The fruit diameters, average weight per fruit are significantly higher in polyhouse compare to rainshelter. The total yield of tomato observed from polyhouse and rainshelter were 1.31 kg/m2 and 4.15 kg/m2 respectively. Quality parameter of tomato like TSS content of tomato under the polyhouse system was found 4.56 0B and rainshelter was found 4.0 0B. Water use efficiency was observed higher under rainshelter (165.41 kg/ha.mm) than the polyhouse (52.12 kg/ ha.mm). Cost Benefit (B:C) ratio for each treatment was calculated. The maximum benefit cost ratio of 2.00 was observed in rainshelter than the 0.46 under polyhouse cultivation. From the results of the study it was evident that growing of tomato inside the rainshelter is more profitable than growing it inside naturally ventilated polyhouse.Item Laboratory studies on soil moisture flow and runoff generation in laterite Soil(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 1998) Roshni Sebastian; Noble AbrahamItem Monthly water balance model for lateritic hill slope- a case study(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 1996) Beena Thomas; Noble Abraham