1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Investigations on nutritional aspects of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Leaf and its enrichment(Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Reshma, A; Saravanan RajuThe study entitled “Investigations on nutritional aspects of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf and its enrichment” was carried out at the Division of Crop Utilization, ICAR – Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram during the year 2018 – 2019. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major stable food crop for sustainable agricultural practice and food security in both developing and under developed countries. Cassava leaves are rich in protein, carotenes, vitamins B1, B2, and C, and minerals such as calcium, magnesium and also rich in anti-nutritional factors such as cyanogens. Efficient use of cassava products resulted in reduced feed costs. With proper processing the inclusion levels of cassava leaves in diets can be increased and can be used as an alternative energy source. The total fresh weight and dry weight (in grams), and number of leaves (per plant) were studied. For the ten different genotypes the fresh weight and dry weight of the leaves ranged from 168.33 g – 398.77 g plant-1 and 129.67 to 44.57 g plant-1. The number of leaves per plant also varied greatly in number per plant of each genotypes. The crude fibre content of the leaves ranged from 6.4 to 10.3% (Oke, 1966). In the present study the fibre content of leaves was obtained ranging from 18.73 to 48.67% for different genotypes. The lignin content in cassava leaves determines its anti nutritional quality. Higher content of lignin in feed limits its consumption. The lignin content obtained from the study ranges from 0.06 – 0.15 g/g for different genotypes. The linamarin content present in the leaves of the ten cassava genotypes were analysed and it ranged from 0.75 to 6.04 mg g-1 on a fresh weight basis. On a dry weight basis the content ranges from 0.34 to 1.2 mg g-1. The linamarin content at 7th day and 20th day of enrichment of the genotypes H1687 was found to be 0.3549 and 0.3504 mg g-1 while for the genotype Malayan 4 it was found to be 0.3631 and 0.355 mgg-1 respectively. The content can be reduced greatly as the duration of fermentation increases. The rapid reduction in the level of cyanide 75 after ensiling implies that ensiling is an effective way of reducing HCN in cassava leaves and roots before feeding them to dairy animals. In the present study, different genotypes of cassava leaves showed that the content of trypsin inhibitors reaches up to a maximum value of 33.41% for the genotype Sree Jaya (three month old plants). The protein content of the cassava leaves was found to be higher in all genotypes. The protein content of the enriched samples was found to be reduced at 7th day and 20th day when compared to the samples at 0th day. Addition of additives such as molasses resulted in reduction of protein content in the silage, The presence of high content of mineral elements particularly Ca, Mg, K elements in cassava leaves confirms its importance as a rich source of mineral elements. The mineral elements Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, P present in leaves ranges between 24.7 to 29.7 (mg/L), 123.2 to 230.9 (mg/L), 420 (mg/L) to 476.7 (mg/L), 151.3 (mg/L) – 385.9 (mg/L) and 1.53395 (mg/L) -2.9466 (mg/L) respectively. The mineral elements was found to have a slight decrease in the content on enrichment at 7th and 20th day when compared to initial days. For the present study urea was added as N source, yeast and molasses are also added into the silage for the enrichment purposes which enhance the fermentation rate of the silage that resulted in a characteristic odour, flavour and colour of the silage. The H1687 and Malayan 4 (M4) genotypes having high dry matter and protein content is suitable for use as leaf meal and preparation of silage from cassava leaves.Item Breeding for lodging resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Keerthiraj, B; Biju, SThe research work ‘Breeding for lodging resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)’ was conducted in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, during the academic year 2017-2019. The research work was divided into three experiments. Experiment 1, consisted of screening of twenty-one rice genotypes for lodging resistance which was conducted at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Mannuthy. After screening, three lodging resistant rice genotypes were selected and crossed in Line x Tester pattern with four lodging prone high yielding varieties, in experiment 2. In experiment 3, progenies were evaluated along with parents for lodging resistance. Lodging and other characters were measured based on Standard Evaluation System of Rice, developed by International Rice Research Institute (SES-IRRI), 2014. Wide variability existed among twenty-one genotypes for yield and most of the yield attributes studied, indicating ample scope for the improvement through selection. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean indicating the influence of additive gene action in the expression of trait were observed for all the traits viz., days to fifty per cent flowering, plant height, flag leaf width, flag leaf length, tillers per plant, internodal length, culm diameter, culm wall thickness, days to maturity, panicle length, panicles per plant, panicle weight, seeds per panicle, test weight, silicon content, potassium content, seed yield per plant, and lodging per cent. Seed yield per plant recorded positive correlation at genotypic level with number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, test weight, and silicon content. Lodging per cent exhibited positive correlation at genotypic level with days to fifty per cent flowering, plant height, flag leaf length, internodal length, culm diameter, days to maturity, and panicle length. At the same time, it was negatively associated with culm wall thickness, silicon content and potassium content. Based on experiment 1, four genotypes viz., Swetha (L1), Prathyasha (L2), Vaisakh (L3) and Ponmani (L4) were selected as lines. Three genotypes viz., Uma (T1), Gouri (T2) and Pournami (T3) were selected as testers. Evaluation of hybrids based on mean performance revealed that, hybrids H3, H5, H6, H9, and H12 recorded reduced lodging and H7, H8, H10, and H11 recorded moderate lodging. Based on scoring, for all the characters, the hybrids H1 (L1 x T1), H3 (L1 x T3), H5 (L2 x T2), H7 (L3 x T1), H8 (L3 x T2), H10 (L4 x T1), H11 (L4 x T2), and H12 (L4 x T3) showed high values. Estimation of gca effects of parents indicated that, L4, T1 and T3 were better combiners for reduced lodging. Based on all eighteen characters, L4, T1 and T2 were found as better combiners. Considering the scores, of mean performance and combining ability effects for all the characters together, L4, T1, T2, and T3 were found as the most promising parents. Specific combining ability effects studied among the cross combinations and scores indicated that, out of the twelve hybrids, H3 recorded high lodging resistance, and except H1 all others recorded moderate lodging resistance. Based on all the characters considered together, H1, H3, H5, H6, H8, and H10 recorded as better cross combinations. When scores of mean performances and sca effect were considered together for all the characters, hybrids H1, H3, H5, H8, H10, and H11 had high scores, and H6, H7, and H12 scored moderate scores. All the twelve hybrids recorded high significant heterosis for days to fifty per cent flowering, plant height, days to maturity, internodal length and lodging per cent. Scoring for both mean performance and heterotic effect for all the characters, revealed that, the hybrids H12 recorded highest score followed by H10, H11, H8, H3, H5 and H1. Evaluation of hybrids based on scores of mean performances, sca effects and heterosis for all the traits, revealed that, hybrid H10 stands in first position, H8 in second and H11 and H5 in third position. Among these, H10 (Ponmani x Uma) and H11 (Ponmani x Gouri) were found as better cross combinations. The identified hybrids can be evaluated in segregating generations for yield and reduced lodging.Item Nutrient recycling of selected tree leaf litters in homesteads(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Reshma Das; Sheeba Rebecca IsaacItem Climate resilient product development from seaweeds kappaphycus alvarezii, gracilaria corticata and water hyacinth eichhornia crassipes(Academy of Climate Change Education and Research, Vellanikkara, 2018) Shamiya Hasan; Zacharia