1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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Subject: search.filters.subject.Microbial inoculants

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    Physiological and biochemical studies on growth, development and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale rosc.)as influlenced by bioinoculants and phosphorus fertilization
    (Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Amritha Lekshmi, M G; Viji, M M
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    Economic assessment of the use of microbial inoculants in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Idukki district
    (Department of Agricultural Economics, Vellayani, 2017) Salma Muslim; Santha, A M
    The research entitled ‘Economic assessment of the use of microbial inoculants in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Idukki district. The objectives of the study were to quantify the extent of use of microbial inoculants (MI) used in black pepper, assess the economics of microbial inoculants (MI) application and identify the constraints of microbial inoculants adoption in pepper cultivation. At the first stage two blocks namely Kattappana and Nedumkandam were selected purposively and Irattayar and Nedumkandam panchayat were selected respectively from the 2 development blocks. The required information was collected from 30 MI using farmers and 30 non-MI farmers of black pepper by simple random sampling from the two panchayats. Thus the total sample size was 60. Percentage analysis was done to analyze socio economic variables and extent of adoption of MI. Cost ABC concept was used to calculate the cost of cultivation of MI using farmers and non-MI farmers separately. Resource use efficiency was calculated using Cobb Douglas production function and constraints were ranked by Garret’s ranking technique. Black pepper occupied about 45 per cent of cropped area and 30 per cent area occupied by cardamom. Plantation crops like cocoa, coffee, spices like nutmeg clove, vanilla and annuals like banana and vegetables were also cultivated in this area. Major varieties of black pepper cultivated were Panniyur I, Panniyur 4, local varieties like Karimunda, Neelamundi, Vellamundi, Kottanadan, Kuthiravaly, Kalluvallyand major standards for trailing pepper were Murukku, Silver Oak and Kilinjil. Average size of land holding was 1.85 ha for MI using farmers and 2.10 ha for non-MI farmers. Seventy three per cent of MI using farmers and 56 per cent of non-MI farmers had holdings ranging from 0.4-1.2 ha under pepper. Forty percent of high income farmers were following non-MI pepper farming. Analysis of extent of use of microbial inoculants revealed that only 33 per cent were following the recommended rate of MI whereas 46.6 per cent of farmers used in excess.Total cost of cultivation of black pepper per hectare was more for non-MI farmers when compared to MI using farmers. Cost A1 of MI adopted farmers was Rs. 133797.24 ha-1 and that for non-MI was Rs. 155720.64 ha-1. Cost C was calculated as Rs. 295050.13 ha-1 and Rs. 439399.87 ha-1 for MI using famers and non-MI respectively. Major share of cost A1 was contributed by cost of hired labourfor both categories followed by cost of manures, fertilizers and soil ameliorants. Yield of black pepper did not show much difference, but the farmers using MI were mostly following organic farming, fetches a higher price of Rs.700 per kg against the price ofRs.680 per kg for the non-MI famers. Net returns at cost C for MI using farmers was Rs. 135749.75 which was higher than that of non-MI farmers. BC ratios were 1.8 and 1.23 for MI adopters and non-MI farmers respectively at cost C. The Cobb Douglas production function analysis showed that number of bearing pepper vines had a positive and significant impact on yield in both the cases. In case of MI using farmers along with number of bearing vines, quantity of manures had positive and significant impact on yield. Quantity of MI showed positive coefficient but was non-significant. For the non-MI pepper farmers, number of hired labour and quantity of manures showed positive and significant impact in addition to number of bearing pepper vines. Difficulty in proper identification of pests and diseases in the study area, less availability of microbial inoculants other than Pseudomonas and Trichoderma, Lack of knowledge about recommended method, dose and time of application of MI and climate change were the major constraints observed. Present research revealed that by using MI, farmers could reduce the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides; thereby they could reduce the cost of cultivation and increase profitability. Excess adoption of MI was prominent among the users and proper guidance is required to the farmers on the application of recommended dose of microbial inoculants along with adequate availability of all microbial inoculants.
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    Source efficacy of nutrients and fertigation in long pepper (Piper longum L.)
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2016) Abhimannue, T R; Anilkumar, A S
    Long pepper (Piper longum L.) is an economically important medicinal crop widely recommended for commercial mediculture among the progressive farmers of the state. It requires specific habitats for satisfactory growth and production. The microclimatic requirements of long pepper match very well with the agro climatic conditions prevailing in the interspaces of middle-aged coconut palms of the humid tropics. Hence, it is ideally suited for intercropping in irrigated coconut gardens. The experiment entitled ‘Source efficacy of nutrients and fertigation in long pepper (Piper longum L.)’ was carried out with the objective to study the effect of micro irrigation and fertigation with water soluble fertilizers, liquid organic manures and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on the growth, productivity, quality and economics of intercropped long pepper under poly cum shade house in coconut garden. The trial carried out in factorial RBD with two replication for a period of two years consisted of combinations of two methods of irrigation viz, M1: microsprinkler and M2: drip and six levels of fertigation viz, F1: Water soluble NPK fertilizer, F2: Liquid organic manures, F3: Water soluble NPK fertilizer + PGPR Mix– I + Fluorescent pseudomonas, F4: Liquid organic manures + PGPR Mix – I + Fluorescent pseudomonas, F5: Water soluble NPK fertilizer + PGPR Mix– I + Fluorescent pseudomonas + Mg + B, and F6: Liquid organic manures + PGPR Mix– I + Fluorescent pseudomonas + Mg + B; besides two control treatments namely CF: Intercropping in coconut garden (foliar application) and CS: Intercropping in coconut garden (soil application). Methods of irrigation significantly influenced the vine length at all stages of growth and drip irrigation recorded the highest values throughout the period of experimentation. Significant influence of different treatment combinations including control was evident in leaf number at all stages of growth and in general M2F1 recorded the highest leaf number. Interaction effects didn’t significantly influence number of branches at any of the growth stages of long pepper. Microsprinkler irrigation recorded the highest total number of spikes (43.41/plant) which was 71.90 per cent higher compared to drip irrigation. Except at 7 MAP, interaction effects significantly improved spike number and total number of spikes. Spectacular improvement in fresh spike yield per plant at various growth stages and total fresh spike yield per plant was evident with microsprinkler irrigation. Levels of fertigation also significantly influenced both fresh spike yield per plant and total fresh spike yield per plant. Interaction effects also indicated its significance on fresh spike yield per plant at all stages of growth except 7 MAP. The treatment combinations, M1F3 at 9 MAP, M1F3 on par with M1F6, M1F5 and M1F2 at 11 MAP, M1F3 on par with M1F6 and M1F2 at 13 MAP; and M1F3 on par with M1F6 at 15 MAP gave higher fresh spike yield per plant. Similar to total fresh spike yield per plant and fresh spike yield per plant at various harvests, total fresh spike yield per hectare and dry spike yield per hectare at various harvests were found to be significantly influenced by the main and interaction effects of treatments including control. Between the two methods of irrigation, microsprinkler recorded significantly higher CWUE which was 69.50 per cent higher over drip system. The trend was also similar with respect to FWUE as well. Levels of fertigation also remarkably influenced the CWUE and F3 recorded the highest CWUE of 65.97 g m-3. A similar trend was observed in case of FWUE also. Among the interaction effects M1F3 recorded the highest CWUE which was significantly different from all other treatment combinations. The same treatment combination recorded the highest FWUE of 36.32 g m-3 (M1F3) which was on par with M1F6. Water productivity was also found to be significantly influenced by methods of irrigation. It is concluded that foliar application water soluble NPK fertilizer + PGPR Mix– I + Fluorescent pseudomonas through microsprinkler irrigation is found beneficial for significant improvement of yield, productivity and profitability.
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    Evaluation of bioinoculant consortia for organic cultivation of ginger
    (Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2015) Haritha, T R; Surendra Gopal, K