1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Bio recycling for nutrient management and yield enhancement of rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-02-17) Anjali, S; Sudha, BThe research work entitled “Bio recycling for nutrient management and yield enhancement of rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2020-2022 with the objective to identify a suitable crop nutrition package integrating bio resources and inorganic fertilizers for yield enhancement in rice. The study was carried out as two experiments at the Integrated Farming System Research Station (IFSRS), Karamana. The first experiment included production of composts using different organic substrates viz., rice chaff, water hyacinth, salvinia and wild taro found associated with rice-based cropping systems. The experiment was carried out from September to December, 2021. The statistical design followed was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with eight treatments and three replications. From treatments T1 to T4, different substrates (rice chaff, water hyacinth, salvinia and wild taro) were co-composted using cow dung and poultry manure in the ratio 4:1:1 (v/v). The substrates were co-composted using cow dung and goat manure in T5 to T8. The time taken for compost maturation, percentage recovery of composts and quality parameters of different composts were found to vary significantly with different co-composting methods. Co-composting of wild taro with cow dung and goat manure (T8) recorded significant earliness in maturity of compost (64 days) and was comparable to T6 (water hyacinth + cow dung + goat manure). Rice chaff co-composted with cow dung and poultry manure (T1) recorded highest recovery of compost (29.85%). Treatment T8 recorded a narrow C:N ratio (12.33) and was comparable to T6 (12.58). The different composts varied in their nutrient contents also. Compost generated from T6 recorded higher N (2.28 %), P (1.08 %) and K (2.7 %) contents. T2 (co-composting water hyacinth with cow dung and poultry manure) recorded significantly higher micro nutrient contents and was comparable to T6. Co-composting of salvinia with cow dung and goat manure (T8) recorded the highest boron content. The content of silicon was significantly higher in T5 (rice chaff + cow dung + goat manure) and was comparable to T6. Content of plant nutrients was the lowest in T5. Different composts generated from Experiment I were used for crop nutrition of rice var. Uma. The field experiment was conducted from last week of January to first week of June, 2022 and was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 9 treatments and three replications. Following the recommended dose of nutrients (90:45:45 kg ha-1 ) for rice and based on soil test data, the NPK dose decided for the experimental field was 70.2: 16.6: 42.3 kg ha-1 . For treatment T1 (control), the KAU Package of Practices Recommendation for crop nutrition was followed on soil test data basis. From treatments T2 to T9, respective composts generated under Experiment I were provided as basal dose @ 2.5 t ha-1 . This was followed by 75 per cent of the recommended nutrients as chemical fertilizers and 25 per cent through respective composts, on N equivalent basis. Full phosphorus was given as basal; whereas N and K were provided in equal splits as basal and at PI stage. The results revealed that treatments had significant influence on the growth, yield and physiological parameters of rice. Basal application of compost 6 @ 2.5 t ha-1 followed by 25 per cent of the recommended nutrients through compost and the rest through chemical fertilizers (T7) recorded taller plants at PI and harvest, tiller count at all the growth stages and dry matter production at harvest. Physiological parameters like leaf area index and SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading were also the highest with T7. Application of different composts significantly influenced the weed dry weight at 20 and 40 DAT and significantly lower weed dry weights were recorded with T6. Grain yield (2933 kg ha-1 ) as well as yield attributes were significantly higher with T7. Soil nutrient status after crop harvest was significantly influenced by different treatments. The P and K status of soil was significantly higher in T7 (35 and 167 kg ha-1 ) and was comparable to T1. Different treatments could not significantly influence the soil pH, EC, soil organic carbon and available nitrogen after the experiment. Nutrient uptake by crop was significantly higher in T7 and remained comparable with T8 and T1. Regarding economics, T7 recorded the highest net income (₹ 67, 476 ha-1 ) and B:C ratio (1.59). This was followed by T1 with net returns ₹ 55, 837 ha-1 and B:C ratio 1.58. The present study revealed that bio resources like aquatic weeds and rice chaff associated with rice-based system could be value added through co-composting using locally available organic manures to generate quality composts. Application of water hyacinth compost (water hyacinth + cow dung + goat manure in 4:1:1 ratio v/v) @ 2.5 t ha-1 as basal dose followed by 75 per cent of RDN as inorganic and 25 per cent as water hyacinth compost on N equivalent basis could be recommended as a prospective bio recycling option for higher yield and economics of rice during the summer season.Item Productivity And Nutritional Quality Of Finger Millet (Eleusine Coracana (L.) Gaertn.) as Influenced By Integrated Nutrient Management(Department Of Agronomy, College Of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2021-09-20) Rabeen Abdul Gafoor; Shalini Pillai, PAbstract The study entitled “Productivity and nutritional quality of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) as influenced by integrated nutrient management” was undertaken at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2019 – 2021. The main objectives were to assess the effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth, yield and nutritional quality of finger millet and to work out the economics. The field experiment carried out from January to April 2021, was laid out in randomised block design with 10 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of five levels of substitution (s1 : 100 % RDF (recommended dose of fertilizers) as inorganic; s2 : 75 % RDN (recommended dose of nitrogen) as inorganic + 25 % RDN as vermicompost; s3 : 50 % RDN as inorganic + 50 % RDN as vermicompost; s4 : 25 % RDN as inorganic + 75 % RDN as vermicompost; s5 : 100 % RDF as organic, half each as vermicompost and farmyard manure respectively on nitrogen equivalent basis) and two levels of biofertilizer (b0 : without PGPR Mix-I; b1 : with PGPR Mix-I). The finger millet variety used for the study was PPR 2700 (Vakula) and the fertilizer recommendation was 45: 22.5: 22.5 kg NPK ha-1. The results of the study revealed that plant height and tiller count recorded with s1 and s2 were significantly higher and comparable, at 30 DAS and 60 DAS. The treatment s1 resulted in significantly higher leaf area index (LAI) at 30 DAS (0.542), 60 DAS (3.187) and at harvest (4.087), and was followed by s2. While the crop reached 50 per cent flowering stage earlier (56.33 days) in s1, it took longer to flower (60.33 days) in s5 (100% RDF as organic). The treatment s4 recorded significantly higher total dry matter production (DMP) (4270 kg ha-1) at harvest and remained at par with s2 (4048 kg ha-1). Application of PGPR Mix-I (b1) resulted in significantly taller plants with superior tiller production and LAI at 30 DAS (54.68 cm, 2.16 tillers per plant, 0.515), 60 DAS (86.03 cm, 3.31 tillers per plant, 3.039) and at harvest (93.25 cm, 4.49 tillers per plant, 3.986). Total DMP at harvest (3975 kg ha-1) was also superior with b1. Interaction effect was significant for LAI at harvest, with s1b1 (4.327) and s2b1 (4.237) remaining comparable. The number of productive tillers per plant, fingers per ear, grain yield per plant and grain yield ha-1 were significantly higher (2.22, 8.73, 6.18g, 1381 kg ha-1) in s2 (75% RDN as inorganic + 25% as vermicompost). The treatment s4, resulted in significantly higher straw yield (3693 kg ha-1) and was on a par with s2. Yield attributes and yield responded significantly (2.11, 8.47, 6.08 g, 1389 kg ha-1) to the application of PGPR Mix-I (b1). The treatment combination, s2b1 recorded significantly higher grain yield (1504 kg ha-1). Significantly higher harvest index was recorded with s1 (0.31) and b1 (0.30). Partial factor productivity (PFP) of nitrogen was found to be significantly higher (30.68 kg kg-1) in s2. While physiological efficiency of nitrogen was superior with s1 (38.01 kg kg-1), apparent recovery efficiency (ARE) was higher (0.66 kg kg-1) with s4. Application of PGPR Mix-I (b1) resulted in higher PFP (30.87 kg kg-1), agronomic efficiency (AE) (21.79 kg kg-1) and ARE (0.61 kg kg-1) for nitrogen. Among the interactions, PFP of nitrogen was significantly higher (33.42 kg kg-1) in s2b1. The treatment combination, s5b1 (100 % RDF as organic + PGPR Mix-I) recorded significantly higher AE for nitrogen (24.16 kg kg-1). Significantly higher uptake of nitrogen (46.23 kg ha-1), phosphorus (10.38 kg ha-1) and potassium (49.28 kg ha-1) were observed in s4. The treatments, s4 and s2 remained at par with respect to nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen uptake (46.38 kg ha-1) and phosphorus uptake (9.65 kg ha-1) were significantly higher with the application of PGPR Mix-I. The treatment combination, s4b1 (25% RDN as inorganic + 75% as vermicompost + PGPR Mix-I) recorded significantly higher phosphorus uptake (10.65 kg ha-1). It was comparable with s4b0 and followed by s2b1. Post-harvest analysis did not show any significant variation in the soil chemical properties. Energy content in grains was higher (257 Kcal 100g-1) in s1 and s2. Calcium content was significantly higher (331mg 100g-1) in s4. The content of phytate and polyphenols were superior in s1 (638.66mg 100g-1) and s2 (102.67mg 100g-1) respectively. Application of PGPR Mix-I had no significant effect on the nutritional quality of finger millet. The treatment combination s4b0 yielded significantly higher calcium in grains (331.34mg 100g-1) and was on a par with s4b1, s3b0, s5b1, s2b1 and s5b0. Significantly higher net returns and benefit cost ratio (BCR) were recorded with s1 (₹23079 ha-1, 1.60) and b1 (₹12172 ha-1, 1.27). The treatment combinations s1b1, s1b0 and s2b1 were comparable. Integrating organics with inorganics was observed to improve the nutritional quality of finger millet. Considering the yield and comparable economics, application of 75 per cent RDN as inorganic in conjunction with 25 per cent RDN as vermicompost on nitrogen equivalent basis, supplemented with PGPR Mix-I (talc based formulation at 30 kg ha-1 in three splits- basal, 15 DAS, 30 DAS) could be recommended for the cultivation of finger millet during the summer season in southern Kerala.