1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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Subject: search.filters.subject.Nutrient uptake

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    Influence of Irrigation on germination, growth and yield of sesamum
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1985) Thomas Mathew; Mohamed Kunju, U
    A field study was undertaken at the Rice Research Station, Kayamkulam, during the third crop season of 1983-84 to find out the influence of irrigation on germination, growth and yield of sesamum, with eleven main plot treatments as time of sowing and three sub plot treatments as frequency of irrigation. There were 33 different treatment combinations The study revealed that the optimum soil moisture for maximum germination of sesamum seed is 12.72 per cent. Moisture contents above or below this adversely affect the germination percentage. Optimum soil moisture for germination could be achieved by irrigating the plots to field capacity and sowing one day after the irrigation. Dry matter production, number of seeds per capsule, distribution of dry matter in capsule, seed yield, oil content, oil yield and shelling percentage were highest in the treatment where sowing was done one day after the initial irrigation. Maximum uptake of N, P and K was also observed in this treatment. One irrigation at the vegetative phase or two irrigations one at the vegetative and the other at the reproductive stages have favourably influenced the growth characters like plant height, number of leaves, number of branches and nodes, leaf area, dry matter production, number of capsules per plant, capsule weight per plant, number of seeds per capsule, seed weight per plant and seed yield per ha. The oil content, oil yield and the uptake of N, P and K were also maximum in the above Irrigation treatments. The study revealed that irrigating the plot to field capacity and sowing the seeds one day after irrigation has resulted in obtaining maximum germination and optimum plant density. Similarly irrigation during the growth phases have also increased the seed yield. Maximum seed yield of 859 kg/ha. was produced by sowing the seeds one day after Initial irrigation followed by giving one irrigation each during the vegetative and reproductive phases.
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    Nutrient scheduling for baby corn (Zea mays L.) intercropped in coconut garden
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2016) Vinod Mavarkar; Shalini Pillai, P
    The experiment entitled “Nutrient scheduling for baby corn (Zea mays L.) intercropped in coconut garden” was undertaken at the Coconut Research Station, Balaramapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, during the summer season (March to May), 2015. The main objectives of the study were to standardize the nutrient schedule for baby corn intercropped in coconut garden and to work out the economics. The field experiment was laid out in randomised block design with 10 treatments replicated thrice, using the baby corn hybrid, G 5414 as the test variety. The treatments comprised combinations of 3 nutrient doses, 3 split application schedules and a control. The treatments were T1 : 100:40:60 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ½ N and ½ K at 25 DAS); T2 : 100:40:60 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ½ N and ½ K at 45 DAS); T3 : 100:40:60 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal; ¼ N and ¼ K at 25 DAS; ¼ N and ¼ K at 45 DAS); T4 : 150:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal; ½ N and ½ K at 25 DAS); T5 : 150:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ½ N and ½ K at 45 DAS); T6 : 150:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ¼ N and ¼ K at 25 DAS; ¼ N and ¼ K at 45 DAS); T7 : 135:65:45 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ½ N and ½ K at 25 DAS); T8 : 135:65:45 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ½ N and ½ K at 45 DAS); T9 : 135:65:45 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ¼ N and ¼ K at 25 DAS; ¼ N and ¼ K at 45 DAS) and T10 : control. Farm yard manure @ 12.5 t ha-1 was applied uniformly to all the treatments, including control. The ½ N + ½ K were given as basal and entire dose of phosphorus was applied basally to the treatments T1 to T9. The results indicated that nutrient doses and spilt application (nutrient schedule) had significant effect on growth, growth attributes, yield attributes and yield of baby corn. The treatment T7 (135:65:45 kg NPK ha-1 ; ½ N + ½ K basal; ½ N + ½ K at 25 DAS) recorded significantly higher Plant height (125.16 cm) at 30 days after emergence (DAE), number of leaves per plant at 45 DAE (11.89), leaf area index at 15 (0.36), 30 (2.25) and 45 DAE (4.28) and dry matter production (24203.70 kg ha-1). Significant difference was not observed in the number of days taken by the crop to reach 50 per cent tasseling, 50 per cent silking, maturity and in the number of harvests. The yield attributes viz., cob length (11.60 cm), cob girth (5.30 cm) and cob weight with husk (84.22 g plant-1) recorded significantly higher values at T7. Similar results were recorded in cob yield with husk (17162 kg ha-1), marketable cob yield (6721 kg ha-1) and green stover yield (26204 kg ha-1). All the above yield attributes (except cob weight with husk) were on a par with T4 (150:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 ; ½ N + ½ K basal; ½ N + ½ K at 25 DAS). The number of cobs per plant and the cob – corn ratio remained unaffected by the treatments. Agronomic efficiency (AE) which is a reflection of all the other agronomic indices, showed significant variation with nutrient schedule. AE of nitrogen (30.95 kg kg-1), phosphorus (64.28 kg kg-1) and potassium (92.86 kg kg-1) were significantly higher at T7. AE of phosphorus and potassium remained at par with T4. The chlorophyll content in leaf tissue at 25 DAS (0.61 mg g-1) and 45 DAS (2.20 mg g-1) and the total soluble sugar (TSS) in cob (9.67oB) were also significantly higher in T7. The treatment, T6 recorded significantly higher crude protein content in cob (13.11 per cent) and was on a par with T4. The crude fibre content of cob was significantly superior (8.82 per cent) in T4 and T7. Nutrient uptake (N, P, K) was significantly superior in T7. The superior treatments, T7 and T4 recorded positive balance for N (5.34 kg ha-1; 17.30 kg ha-1) and P (12.34 kg ha-1; 12.54 kg ha-1) and a negative balance for K (-13.15 kg ha-1; -8.68 kg ha-1). Gross income ( 2,68,827 ha-1), net income ( 1,90,367 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (3.43) were significantly higher in T7. The study revealed that application of FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 + 135:65:45 kg NPK ha-1 (½ N + full P + ½ K as basal ; ½ N + ½ K at 25 DAS) resulted in significantly higher marketable cob yield, nutrient use efficiency and profitability in baby corn variety G 5414, intercropped in coconut garden.
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    Production technology of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) under protected cultivation
    (Department of agronomy, College of agriculture, Vellayani, 2014) Pintu Roy Vattakunnel; Sajitha Rani, T
    The field experiment entitled “Production technology of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) under protected cultivation” was conducted at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during March 2013 to September 2013 to study the performance of chilli varieties and the effect of fertigation on productivity of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) under protected cultivation. The main plot treatments were a combination of growing conditions (poly house and open field) and fertigation (with fertigation and without fertigation) and the subplot treatments consisted of three varieties (Vellayani Athulya, Anugraha and Jwalamukhi). The study revealed that plants grown under poly house situation recorded significantly higher fruit length (11.77cm), number of fruits plant-1 (110.67), fruit yield plant-1 (604.08 g) and total fruit yield (29.54 t ha-1). Plants grown with fertigation registered higher number of fruits plant-1 (113.49), length of fruit (11.55 cm), fruit yield plant-1 (591.92 g) and total fruit yield (26.27 t ha-1). Maximum length of fruits (12.82 cm), fruit yield plant-1 (665.18 g) and total fruit yield (28.41 t ha-1) were obtained from Vellayani Athulya while, highest number of fruits plant-1 (154.21) was from Anugraha. Maximum length of fruits was observed in Vellayani Athulya grown under both poly house (12.91 cm) and open field situation (12.72 cm). Vellayani Athulya grown with fertigation also recorded maximum fruit length (13.67 cm). Vellayani Athulya recorded maximum shelf life (10.19 days) and ascorbic acid content (98.71 mg 100 g-1) where as maximum capsaicin content (1.38 per cent) was recorded by Jwalamukhi. Vellayani Athulya grown under poly house registered maximum shelf life (10.88 days) and ascorbic acid content (102.78 mg 100 g-1). Vellayani Athulya with fertigation recorded maximum ascorbic acid content (101.69 mg 100 g-1) while, Jwalamukhi grown with fertigation recorded maximum capsaicin content (1.40 per cent). Vellayani Athulya grown under poly house with fertigation recorded higher shelf life (12.00 days). Vellayani Athulya grown under poly house with fertigation recorded maximum ascorbic acid (108.74 mg 100 g-1). Maximum capsaicin was also recorded by Jwalamukhi grown under poly house with fertigation (1.43 per cent). Among growing conditions, maximum net return (Rs 5.22 lakhs ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.42) was obtained from poly house. On comparing with and without fertigation treatments, with fertigation treatments recorded maximum net return of Rs 4.46 lakhs ha-1 and among varieties, Vellayani Athulya (V1) recorded maximum net return of Rs 4.95 lakhs ha-1 and B: C ratio of 2.30.
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    Standardisation of growing media and organic nutrition for juvenile anthurium plants (Anthurium andreanum Lind.)
    (Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2005) Shajma Nafeesa Basheer; Sabina George, T
    Anthuriums are herbaceous perennials belonging to the largest genus of the family Araceae. Anthurium andreanum Lind. called the ‘Painter’s palette’ flower is the most important species grown in the tropics. Anthurium cultivation on a commercial basis is gaining popularity in Kerala because of its high demand in the foreign market. The lack of proper management practices has increased the total period taken for the production of marketable flowers to nearly 2-2½ years. The present work was thus taken up with a view to standardize growing media and organic nutrient dosage for young anthurium plants, for enhancing their early vegetative growth and for earlier production of flowers having desirable floral attributes of size and quality. The experiment was carried out at the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2003–2005 with a view to standardize the growing media and organic nutrient dosage for young anthurium plants. The anthurium cultivar chosen for this study was Anthurium andreanum ‘Tropical’, a commercially important cultivar of Kerala. The treatments consisted of thirty six combinations of four media treatments namely sand + leaf compost (M1), sand + coir pith compost (M2), granite + leaf compost (M3) and granite + coir pith compost (M4) and nine nutrient treatments including weekly application of three cowdung treatments (2, 4 and 6 g l-1 extract) and bimonthly application of three organic manure mix (25, 50 and 75 g) treatments. Growing media, nutrient treatments and their interactions influenced vegetative growth, flower characters, vase life, fresh weight and dry matter production and nutrient content of leaves. Among the media, sand + coir pith compost was found to be the best for obtaining greater plant height, leaf area, leaf duration, petiole length at third and fourth week after emergence, shortest phyllachron, the highest fresh and dry weight of leaves and their N and K content. Plants grown in this medium also recorded earlier flowering, greater number of flowers per plant, increased spathe size, greater length and thickness of flower stalk and enhanced vase life. The inclination of spadix and its length and thickness were also found to be greater tending towards those of mature plants in this medium. Vegetative growth enhancement was also obtained with 4 g l-1 and 6 g l-1 fresh cowdung extract treatments at varying stages of growth. Greater fresh weight and dry weight of leaves were recorded in plants receiving 4 g l-1 cowdung extract at 165 and 225 DAT. These plants also recorded greater N and K content during the period while the P content was greater in plants receiving 6 g l-1 at these periods. Increased spathe size, lesser number of days to flowering, maximum length of flower stalk, maximum vase life and lesser number of days to harvestable maturity of flowers was obtained with 4 g l-1 extract. Application of organic manure mix were also found to give beneficial effects. Plants receiving 25 g organic manure mix recorded greater plant heights and leaf area during the latter stages of growth. This dosage also resulted in greater leaf duration and greater petiole length during the first and second week after leaf emergence. Fresh and dry weight of the leaves recorded were greater in plants receiving 75 g mix. The shortest phyllachron was recorded with 50 g dosage and the longest was recorded with 75 g / plant. The N and K content of the leaves were greater in plants receiving 25 g mix while the P content was greater in plants receiving 50 g mix. Spathe size, length of the flower stalk as well as the vase life of flowers was greater in plants receiving 25 g OM mix. The interaction between media treatment, cowdung and organic manure treatments were also found to influence the performance of plants.