1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Identification of fodder Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) for yield and quality for AEU 8(southern laterite)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture ,Vellayani, 2023-01-16) Byrapuram Arani Jyothi; Gayathri, GPearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is a dual-purpose crop generally grown as a cereal or as fodder crop, belonging to family Poaceae, having chromosome number 2n=14. It is grown extensively as a fodder and grain crop during the Kharif season having low rainfall withstanding drought and adverse agro climatic conditions. Understanding the type and degree of variability present in the breeding materials as well as the extent to which the desired traits are heritable will help in achieving genetic improvement for quantitative trait in fodder bajra. In order to plan the breeding strategy of the crop, this requires clear knowledge of the inheritance pattern of the main quantitative traits that provide fodder. Therefore, the present research was conducted in order to comprehend the genetic variability present in the genotypes and inheritance pattern of various fodder yields and the contributing characteristics. The present study was undertaken for “Identification of fodder bajra (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) for yield and quality for AEU 8 (Southern Laterite)” was conducted at Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. 30 genotypes of fodder bajra collected from IIMR, Hyderabad were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The present investigation was done for the assessment of the genetic variability and development of selection index in fodder bajra accessions for yield and nutritional quality. The crop was harvested at 50% flowering stage. Observations were recorded for various qualitative and quantitative characters, viz. Plant stand after germination, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant, internodal length, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, green fodder yield per plot, dry matter yield per plot, leaf dry weight per plant, stem dry weight per plant, plant height, days to maturity, ratoon green fodder yield per plot, crude protein content, crude fibre content, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant content. Statistical tools such as analysis of variance, genotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability, genetic advance, correlation studies, path analysis and cluster analysis were carried out to find out extent of variation present in existing genotypes. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all traits studied among the genotypes. This reveals the presence of variability among the genotypes and hence selection can be effective in the population. Maximum green fodder yield was recorded by the genotype 2021K-135 (8.96 Kg/plot), IIMRAVS6 (8.93 Kg/plot), IIMRAVS8 (8.68 Kg/plot) and 2021K-126(7.86 Kg/plot). Minimum green fodder yield was observed by the genotypes IIMRAVS11 (2.77Kg/plot), 2021K-OPB2 (3.76 Kg/plot) and 2021K-OPB1(4.08 Kg/plot). Ratoon green fodder yield was observed to be maximum in the genotypes 2021K-132 (3.11 Kg), 2021K-129(3.00) and IIMRAVS10(2.62 Kg). Minimum ratoon green fodder yield was noticed in the genotypes IIMR AVS 21(1.25 Kg), IIMRAVS11(1.38 Kg) and 2021K-137(1.39 Kg). Highest crude protein content was observed in the genotype IIMR AVS3 (15.40%), followed by IIMRAVS9 (13.65%) and IIMRAVS8 (12.95%). Lowest crude protein content was recorded in the genotypes 2021K-126 (4.50%), 2021K-137(4.550%) and 2021K-OPB2 (4.553%). Maximum crude fibre content observed in the genotypes IIMR AVS1 (50 %), 2021K-132 (49.5%) and 2021K-138 (49.0%). Minimum value was reported by the genotype 2021K-129(20.0%), 2021K-131 (20.0 %) preceded by the genotypes 2021K-140 (20.503%) and IIMRAVS8 (21.0%). Genetic variability parameters such as genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV). Heritability (h2 ) and Genetic Advance (GA) were studied to find genetic variability present in the genotypes. In the present study, PCV is higher than GCV for all the characters which were recorded, indicating the role of environment in the expression of these characters. The low PCV and GCV were recorded for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, days to first flowering, number of leaves per plant, internodal length, plant stand after germination. Low PCV and GCV estimates for these traits indicate a narrow range of variability for these characters and limited scope for selection. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for the characters total antioxidant content, crude protein, total phenolics content, crude fibre, total flavonoids content, ratoon yield per plot, green fodder yield, dry matter yield, number of tillers per plant, leaf stem ratio and stem dry weight which indicates presence of additive gene action and hence selection of these characters will be effective for the genetic improvement of the genotypes. The correlation studies showed highly significant positive association of green fodder yield with number of tillers per plant, dry matter yield and leaf dry weight and positive association with plant height, number of leaves per plant, internodal length, stem dry weight and leaf stem ratio. The path-coefficient analysis suggested the importance of leaf dry weight dry matter yield, number of tillers per plant, internodal length and number of leaves per plant as they showed direct positive effect on green fodder yield. The genetic diversity analysis classified 30 genotypes into five clusters following Euclidean² method containing one to eleven genotypes. The cluster I was the largest (11) followed by cluster IV (10), cluster V (5), cluster II (3) and cluster III (1). Maximum intra cluster distance was observed in the genotypes falling under the cluster I followed by V and IV. Highest inter cluster distance was observed in the genotypes falling under the cluster III and V, followed by II and III. For a breeding programme to be successful, genotypes should be chosen from clusters with the highest degree of divergence. For all of the characters examined, the study found that there was a significant amount of genotypic variation. The genotypes 2021K-135, IIMRAVS6 and IIMRAVS8 were shown to be superior in terms of yield and yield-attributing characteristics. These superior genotypes can be used as parents in upcoming breeding projects or advanced for more trials for variety development.Item Response of high yielding varieties of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) to major nutrients(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2021) Murshida, S; Prameela, PPearl millet or bajra is a major millet grown in the tropics for both food and fodder. Many high yielding varieties of pearl millet are now available for cultivation. But, the performance of these varieties and the nutrient requirement of pearl millet were not assessed in Kerala. Hence, the study entitled “Response of high yielding varieties of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] to major nutrients” was carried out with the objective of assessing the performance of selected prominent high yielding varieties of pearl millet and their response to major nutrients. The experiment was carried out at Agronomy Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara during the period from November, 2020 to February 2021. Treatments were the combinations of nutrient levels (N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O @ 60: 30: 30, 70: 35: 35, 90: 45: 45 kg/ha and absolute control) and four varieties released from various research institutes [Co (Cu) 9, Co 10, ABV 04 and Dhanashakthi]. The design was factorial RBD with 16 treatments and three replications. The biometric parameters like plant height, length and width of leaf blade, Leaf Area Index and dry matter production of pearl millet were significantly influenced by the application of different N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O levels. The plants which got higher fertilizer doses of 90: 45: 45 and 70: 35: 35 N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O kg/ha had taller plants and registered higher dry matter production. The variety Co (Cu) 9 was taller with more leaf area index and dry matter production whereas, Dhanashakthi was inferior. But, it had superior leaf width and leaf-stem ratio. The application of fertilizers had a significant influence on grain yield, yield parameters and straw yield of bajra. The highest grain weight per earhead (36.93 g) and grain yield (3360 kg/ha) were registered in plants that received 90: 45: 45 N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O kg/ha. The grain yield at fertilizer level of 90: 45: 45 N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O kg/ha showed only a marginal increase of 7.5 per cent compared to 70: 35: 35 N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O kg/ha (3107kg/ha). The straw yield at 90: 45: 45 and 70: 35: 35 N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O kg/ha were comparable (10391 and 10753 kg/ha, respectively). 1The varieties ABV 04, Co 10 and Dhanashakthi had superior and comparable grain yield ranging from 3026 to 3188kg/ha and the performance of Co (Cu) 9 was inferior with 2201kg/ha. Lower straw yield was noticed in variety Dhanashakthi (6430 kg/ha) that was comparable to Co 10 (8096kg/ha). The other two varieties ABV 04 and Co (Cu) 9 registered superior straw yield of 10191 and 11390 kg/ha, respectively. The longest earhead was for variety Co (Cu) 9 and the shortest was for variety Dhanashakthi (19.44 cm). The lowest weight of grains per earhead (29.27 g) and test weight (7.99 g) were recorded for variety Co (Cu) 9. The variety Dhanashakthi had higher test weight (13.35 g) as well as Harvest Index (0.34). The straw yield was comparable in varieties Co (Cu) 9 (11,390 kg/ha) and ABV 04 (10,191 kg/ha). The average crude protein content was 11.37 per cent and the varietal differences were non-significant. Crude fiber was comparable in ABV 04, Dhanashakthi and Co (Cu) 9 with an average content of 2.33 per cent. The crude fiber content at varied levels of primary nutrients were comparable. The highest and superior nitrogen uptake was recorded by the application of 90: 45: 45 N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O kg/ha (437 kg/ha) with 51 per cent increase compared to absolute control. P uptake at 90: 45: 45 N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O kg/ha (126 kg/ha) was on par to that at 70:35:35 N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O level. But, K uptake was comparable at three N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O levels with an average of 358 kg/ha. Significantly lower uptake of primary nutrients were registered in absolute control. The application of fertilizers enhanced the gross and net returns along with benefit- cost ratio in pearl millet cultivation. The highest B: C ratio (1.78) and net returns (Rs. 53,186 /ha) from bajra cultivation registered in N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O level of 70: 35: 35 N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O kg/ha, followed by the highest dose. Hence, it can be concluded that a fertilizer dose of 70: 35: 35 N: P 2 O 5: K 2 O kg/ha can be recommended for pearl millet cultivation in Kerala. The varieties ABV 04, Co 10 and Dhanashakthi can be recommended for grain purpose, whereas varieties Co (Cu) 9 and ABV 04 are ideal for straw and fresh herbage. ABV 04 is a good variety with respect to both grain and straw yield.