1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Rationalisation of phosphorus and potassium nutrition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) in the southern laterites(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani xvi,170p., 2023-12-16) Sruthy, H.; Shalini Pillai, P: The study entitled “Rationalisation of phosphorus and potassium nutrition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in the Southern Laterites” was undertaken at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2021-2023. The key objectives were to assess the productivity and quality of cowpea in response to varied doses of phosphorus and potassium supplemented with foliar nutrition, and to compute the economics. The field experiment was carried out at the Integrated Farming System Research Station, Karamana, from December 2022 to February 2023. It was laid out in randomised block design with (2 x 3 x 2) + 1 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of two levels of P (p1-100 % RDP, p2-50 % RDP), three levels of K (k1 - 100 % RDK, k2 - 150 % RDK, k3 - 200 % RDK) and foliar application at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (f1 - nano DAP @ 0.4%, f2 - PSAP @ 0.4 %), compared against a control (KAU POP). The variety used for the study was PGCP-6 and the fertilizer recommendation followed was 20:30:10 kg NPK ha-1 . All other cultural operations were carried out as per the KAU POP. The treatment, p1 (100 % RDP) resulted in significantly taller plants at 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS) with more number of primary branches (45 DAS and 60 DAS), the highest CGR, RGR and NAR at 15-30 DAS, more number of nodules and the highest total dry matter production (DMP). The treatment, p2 (50 % RDP) resulted in the highest CGR and NAR at 30-45 DAS, and RGR at 45-60 DAS. Among the levels of K, 200 per cent RDK (k3) recorded significantly taller plants (45 DAS and 60 DAS) with more number of primary branches (45 DAS), RGR, CGR and NAR (15-30 DAS) and total DMP (4917 kg ha-1 ). Foliar application of nano DAP (0.4 %) at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (f1) resulted in more number of primary branches, LAI and RGR at 60 DAS, and total DMP (4925 kg ha-1 ). Foliar application of PSAP (0.4 %) at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (f2) resulted in more number of nodules per plant, and CGR and NAR at 30-45 DAS. Among the P x K x F interactions, p1k1f1 (100 % RDP + 100 % RDK + nano DAP @ 0.4 %) resulted in higher total DMP, and was on par with p1k3f1. The treatment combination, p2k2f2 resulted in higher NAR and remained comparable with p2k1f1, p1k1f2 and p1k2f2, at 45-60 DAS. The treatment combination, p2k1f1 resulted in significantly higher LAI (2.94) at 60 DAS and CGR at 30- 45 DAS. The treatments were superior to control with respect to growth attributes and total DMP. The treatments, p2, k1 and f2 resulted in the highest number of pods per plant (23.42, 23.17, 22.57), seeds per pod (16.51, 15.81, 15.88), pod yield (1700 kg ha-1 , 1669 kg ha-1 , 1619 kg ha-1 ) and seed yield (1484 kg ha-1 , 1433 kg ha-1 , 1395 kg ha-1 ). However, the highest haulm yields (4451 kg ha-1 , 4235 kg ha-1 ) were observed with 100% RDP (p1) and 200% RDK (k3). Among the interaction effects, p2k1f2 resulted in the highest number of pods per plant (26.17), pod yield (1892 kg ha-1 ) and seed yield (1642 kg ha -1 ) and significantly higher number of seeds per pod (20.17), which was at par with p2k3f2. The treatments were superior to control with respect to yield attributes and yield, except haulm yield. While, p1 (100% RDP) recorded the highest uptake of N and P, and apparent recovery efficiency of P (AREp), the treatments, p2 (50% RDP) and k1 (100% RDK) resulted in the highest partial factor productivity (PFPp), agronomic efficiency (AEp) and physiological efficiency (PEp). While f1 (nano DAP @ 0.4% at 20 DAS and 40 DAS) resulted in the highest N uptake (247.35 kg ha-1 ), f2 (PSAP @ 0.4% at 20 DAS and 40 DAS) resulted in the highest chlorophyll content at 45 DAS (1.92 mg g-1 ) and P uptake (21.55 kg ha-1 ), AEp (24.75 kg kg-1 ) and AREp (53.12 %) of P. Among the P x K x F interactions, p1k3f1 (100 % RDP + 200 % RDK + nano DAP @ 0.4 % at 20 DAS and 40 DAS) resulted in the highest N uptake (265.11 kg ha-1 ) and p1k3f2 resulted in the highest P uptake (28.53 kg ha-1 ). The highest PFPp (98.93 kg kg-1 ) and AEp (44.84 kg kg-1 ) were recorded with p2k1f2. The treatments were superior to control with respect to NPK uptake, PFPp and AEp. The seed quality in terms of zinc content was observed to be superior with 50% RDP (p2) and f1 (nano DAP @ 0.4% at 20 DAS and 40 DAS). The seed crude protein content responded significantly to K and remained comparable among the three levels of K. The treatment, k3 resulted in the highest organic carbon content (1.17 %), available P (65.27 kg ha-1 ) and available K (236.74 kg ha-1 ). The treatment, f2 resulted in the highest soil available P (62.77 kg ha-1 ). Among the P x K x F interactions, the highest net gain in available N (205.10 kg ha-1 ), available P (7.67 kg ha-1 ) and available K (68.24 kg ha-1 ) were observed with the treatment combinations, p2k3f2, p1k3f2 and p1k3f1 respectively. The treatments were superior to control with respect to pH, organic carbon, and available NPK status of the post-harvest soil. Significantly higher net income and benefit cost ratio were recorded with p2 (₹62,879 ha-1 ,1.99), k1 (₹58,307 ha-1 , 1.92), f2 (₹54,256 ha-1 , 1.85) and p2k1f2 (₹76,120 ha-1 , 2.20). Considering the yield, economics and phosphorus use efficiency, application of full dose of N (20 kg ha-1 ) along with 50 per cent recommended dose of P (15 kg ha-1 ) + 100 per cent recommended dose of K (10 kg ha-1 ), supplemented with foliar application of potassium salt of active phosphorus (0.4%) at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (p2k1f2), could be adjudged as the best treatment for higher productivity and profitability of grain cowpea in the Southern Laterites of Kerala (AEU 8)Item Utilisation of potassium rich crop residues for retention of potassium in lateritic soil(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2021) Sreelakshmi, P; Durga Devi, K MPotassium is a versatile vital nutrient for regular plant and animal growth and development. It is regarded as a "quality nutrient" because of its multifunctional role in metabolism. Kaolinite clay minerals prevalent in lateritic soils of Kerala, have lower activity and prevent the retention of available forms of potassium. Potassic fertilisers are often overlooked in fertiliser schedules due to their high unsubsidized cost. There are some K rich organic sources that are ignored by the farmers and are left or burnt in the soil. The utilisation of organic K resources like rice straw and plantain compost made from banana wastes are regarded good alternatives for synthetic potassic fertilisers. The present investigation consisted of three experiments viz., (i) assessment of decomposition dynamics of rice straw and its K release, (ii) K adsorption study on rice straw and prepared plantain compost and (iii) an incubation study in lateritic soil with different sources of potassium. The decomposition rate of rice straw has increased with the period of its incubation and it showed only a partial decomposition of 51.9 % at 90 days due to the presence of more amount of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose content which takes more time for its degradation. The potassium release rate increased to 84.28 % at 90 days of its decomposition. The adsorption study on rice straw with different levels of KCl solution at different periods of decomposition revealed that as the solution concentration increased, the quantity of K adsorbed on rice straw also increased along with the increase in incubation period. Similarly, plantain compost that was prepared using vermi technology also showed an increased trend in the value of quantity of K adsorbed on compost as the KCl concentration increased. Because of its smaller particle size and larger surface area, plantain compost has stronger adsorption and buffer power than rice straw. Rice straw with potash (T1), plantain compost with potash (T2), wood ash, FYM with potash (T3), rice straw with lime and potash (T4), plantain compost with lime and potash (T5), wood ash, FYM with lime and potash (T6), lime and potash (T7), potash alone (T8), and absolute control (T9) treatments were used in the incubation study. The physico-chemical characteristics of soil such as pH, EC, organic carbon, available N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn were determined at initial and final days of incubation. Data on the different fractions of soil K indicated that the treatment containing rice straw with lime and Muriate of potash (T4) showed the higher value of total K, exchangeable K and non-exchangeable K after 90 days of incubation. The reason might be that the presence of more inter planar sites in rice straw has trapped the K+ ions in fixed form since the material is not completely decomposed. At the same time incorporation of rice straw has enhanced the CEC of the soil thus enhancing greater adsorption of exchangeable K from unavailable forms by mass effect. The current study showed that combining organic K resources with lime and K fertilisers resulted in significant increases in soil K fractions. Integrated application of rice straw with lime and K fertiliser can be considered as the best method for long-term cultivation because it has the ability to retain and release more K, particularly nonexchangeable, exchangeable, and total K, allowing for continuous uptake of K by the crops for normal growth and development. The usage of plantain compost in combination with lime and Muriate of potash has resulted in increased availability of K as well as micronutrients by maintaining favourable pH.Item Spatial arrangement & nutrient management of grain cowpea - Fodder maize intercropping in summer rice fallows(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1990) Sunitha, S; Lekha SreekantanAn investigation was carried out during the summer season of 1988-'89 in the Instructional Farm attached to the College of Agriculture, Vellayani to determine the best crop arrangement for a grain cowpea + fodder maize intercropping system in summer rice fallows under different fertility levels. The different crop arrangements tried were pure crop of cowpea at normal row arrangement, pure crop of maize at normal row arrangement, cowpea and maize in alternate rows, paired row of cowpea with one row of maize in between and triple row of cowpea with one row of maize in between. The fertilizer levels tried were 100, 75 and 50 per cent of the recommended doses of nutrients of cowpea, maize and cowpea+ maize, depending on the crop arrangement and the area occupied by each crop. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. The crop arrangements were allotted to main plots and the fertility levels to the subplots. Plant height of cowpea was maximum in the crop arrangement where cowpea was alternated with one row of maize where as the pure crop of cowpea produced the maximum number of leaves. In the case of maize, plant height and number of leaves were maximum when cowpea and maize were grown in alternate rows. Pure crops of cowpea and maize recorded the highest for their respective LAI values at flowering. Plant height, number of leaves and LAI of both cowpea and maize were affected by different fertility levels. Higher doses of fertilizers were found to be the best. The crop arrangements did not show pronounced variation in the uptake of nutrients by cowpea except potassium. Potassium uptake by cowpea and maize were maximum for their respective sole crops. For maize, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were maximum when grown in alternate rows with cowpea plants. Full dose of fertilizers recorded the highest uptake values. Number of pods per plant, length of pods, number of seeds per pod, hundred grain weight, pod yield as well as grain yield of cowpea were not affected by different crop arrangements or fertilizer levels. The fodder yield of maize was affected by different crop arrangements and the pure crop of maize was on par with the crop arrangement where cowpea and maize were alternately grown. Hundred per cent recommended dose of fertilizers recorded the highest value for fodder yield of maize. The treatment where cowpea and maize were grown in alternate rows resulted in the greatest protein content of cowpea grains. Seventy five percent dose of fertilizers resulted in the highest crude protein content of maize fodder. The various indices like LER, LEC, IER, net profit, benefit/cost ratio, return per rupee invested on labour and return per cropping day were found to be superior in the crop arrangement where cowpea and maize were grown in alternate rows and at full dose of fertilizers. Hundred per cent and seventy five per cent dose of fertilizers were on par with regard to LER, LEC, IER, net profit and benefit/ cost ratio. From a detailed analysis it is seen that cowpea alternated with one row of fodder maize under 75 per cent of the recommended level of nutrients, is the best in providing higher profit to the farmer.Item Nutritional status of soils in relation to foliar nutrient levels in oil palm(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1988) Solomon Chacko; Abdul HameedAn investigation was taken up in oil palm grown in the plantation of oil palm India Limited at Yeroor (Bharathipuram) of Quilon District, with a view to evaluating the nutritional statusItem Nutritional requirement of pre-release sesamum culture 42-1 in garden land(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1987) Raveendran Nair, P; Chandrasekharan, PA 4 raise to 3 fatorial experiment confounding NPK (3 df) totally in replication I and II was conducted under garden land condition at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during semirabi season 1984, to study the effect of graded doses of nitrogen (10, 30, 50 and 70 kg/ha), phosphorus (5, 15,25 and 35 kg P2O5/ha) and potassium (10, 30,50 and 70 kg K2O/ha) on the growth , yield , quality, content and uptake of mineral nutrients and also to work out the economics of production with the pre-release sesamum culture 42-1 (now released as Soorya or ACV-2). The study revealed that application of nitrogen significantly influenced growth , yield and yield attributing characters. Phosphorus and potassium produced significant influence on number of leaves and leaf area index on 40 and 60 days after sowing. Significant effect of phosphorus was also observed on number of branches, pod-seed ratio, bhusa yield, thousand seed weight and total dry matter production. Applied potassium significantly influenced the yield and yield attributing characters like number of pods , weight of pod per plant, pod seed ratio, seed yield and harvest index.Item Effect of different forms and levels of phosphorus on the growth, yield and composition of three yielding varieties of rice (IR 8, Taichung Native I and Culture 28)(Division of Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Vellayani, 1968) Jagadeeschandran Nair, M P; Koshy, M MTo study the effect of different forms and levels of phosphorus on the growth, yield and composition of three high yielding varieties of rice, a pot culture experiment was carried out in the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Vellayani, in a randomised block design with 39 treatments and 3 replications. The different forms of phosphorus used were superphosphate, ultrafos, defluorinated rock phosphate and Thomas phosphate. The levels of application were 0,25, 50 and 75 kg P2O5/ha. The rice varieties studied were Culture 28, IR 8 and Taichung Naive 1. The main findings of the experiment are summarised below: 1) The height of plants was a maximum for IR 8. This growth character was not influenced by the form of phosphorus used, but it increased significantly with increase in the rate of phosphorus application, 2) In the matter of tillers, Taichung Native 1 was superior to IR8 and Culture 28. Of the different forms of phosphorus applied, superphosphate and deflurinated rock phosphate produced the maximum number of tillers. As regards the effect of level, the number of tillers increased with increase in the level of phosphorus application.Item Deficiency symptoms of mineral nutrients in clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perry).(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1989) Nazeem, P A; Sivaraman Nair, P CExperiments were conducted at the College of Horticulture on nutritional aspects of clove, to study the nutrient deficiency symptoms as well as the distribution pattern of nutrients in starved clove plants. The deficiency symptoms were induced in clove seedlings in sand culture. The distribution pattern of P, S (anions) and Ca (cation) were studied in the nutrient-starved seedlings employing radio isotopes. Besides, the annual nutrient removal and the seasonal fluctuations in the foliar nutrient concentration were studied in bearing clove trees. Older leaves were the first to exhibit 'hunger signs' due to the stress induced by N, P, K and Mg starvation whereas the symptoms, were manifested on the younger growth due to deficiency of Ca, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B. General yellowing of the older leaves and early defoliation were the symptoms expressed by N-starved plants. Phosphorus stress resulted in small brownish spots to appear on older leaves of clove seedlings which later coalesced to form necrotic patches.Item Fertilizer management in rice variety cheradi(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1986) Vaijayanthi, C P; Ramachandran Nair, VItem Spacing cum fertilizer investigation on rice variety, Mashuri, in the Onattukara tract(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1983) Sobhana, S; Chandrasekharan, PWith a view to investigate the influence of different fertilizer levels, spacings and their combinations on the growth and yield of rice variety, Mashuri, in the sandy loam tracts of Onattukara, an experiment was conducted at the Rice Research Station, Kayamkulam, during the second crop season of the year, 1981-82. The response of the variety to four fertilizer levels (50 : 25 : 25, 60:30:30, 70:35:35 and 80:40:40 kg/ha NPK), four spacings (10cm X 5 cm, 10cm x 10 cm, 15 cm x 10 cm and 20 cm x 1o cm) and their combinations was studied. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design , as a 4 x 4 factorial experiment with three replications.Item Effect of drying and wetting on the physical, Physico-chemical and chemical properties of the submerged soils of Kuttanad(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1988) Raju, P V; Koshy, M MA study was undertaken at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani to know the effect of drying and wetting on the physico-chemical properties of submerged acid sulphate soils of Kuttanad which are known locally as Kerapadom, Kari and Kayal soils. Random soil samples were collected from various parts of Kuttanad and their physico-chemical properties such as pH, conductivity, available NPK status and different forms of iron and aluminium were estimated in moist state itself. Texturally Kuttanad soils were predominantly of clayay nature. Bulk and particle densities were significantly lower in Kari soils due to high organic matter as compared to Karapadom and Kayal soil. The pH values of Kayal soils were significantly higher than that of Kari and Karapadom soils which were extremely acidic. The conductivity of all soil groups were negligible probably due to seasonal effects and also due to the commissioning of Thaneermukkom bund and Thottapally spillway which prevented the ingress of sea water. The availability of major nutrients was fairly high and no significant differences existed between soils. Exchangeable iron and aluminium varied greatly.
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