1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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Dietary supplementation of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) in layer quails (Coturnix coturnix)
(Department Of Poultry Sciences,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Bhadra, P V; Anitha, P
An experiment was carried out to study the effect of dietary supplementation of turmeric and tulasi on production performance of Japanese quail layers. One hundred and sixty Japanese quails at 6 weeks of age were allocated randomly to four dietary groups with four replicates of ten quails each. Quail layer ration containing 22 per cent crude protein and 2650 kcal ME per kg feed formed the control diet T1. The control diet supplemented with dried turmeric rhizome powder, dried tulasi leaves and a combination of both each at 0.3 per cent level formed the diets T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The experiment was carried out for five periods of 28 days each from 7 to 26 weeks of age. The body weight at 6 and 26 weeks of age and the body weight gain during experimental period did not differ significantly between dietary treatments. Even though the age at first egg in the flock in dietary groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 48, 50, 49 and 49 days respectively, the mean age at 50 per cent production were almost similar in all dietary groups. The results obtained in the study revealed that period wise and cumulative mean values of quail housed and quail day egg number and per cent production, egg mass, daily feed consumption, FCR per dozen eggs and per kg egg mass did not differ significantly between dietary groups. The overall mean egg weight for three consecutive days towards the end of 10,14, 18, 22 and 26 weeks of age were non significant. Statistical analysis of the data pertaining to dressed, eviscerated, giblet and ready-to-cook yields revealed no significant difference between dietary groups. The loss of blood in dietary groups were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in group in T1 in comparison with group T4. While the mean values of feather loss showed no significant difference. The dietary supplementation of turmeric and tulasi combination (T4) significantly improved the haemoglobin and total leucocyte count in comparison with the control group whereas total erythrocyte count revealed no significant difference. The mean values of total cholesterol in serum differed significantly among each other (P≤0.05). Egg yolk cholesterol in group T3 and T4 showed significantly lower values in comparison with T1 (P≤0.05). Serum protein level in various dietary groups did not differ significantly among each other. The overall livability per cent was not adversely affected in turmeric and tulasi fed quails. The cost of feed per egg was lower in T2 and T3 (Rs. 0.43) compared to T1 (Rs. 0.47) and was intermediary in T4 (Rs. 0.45). The critical evaluation of the results revealed that the supplementation of dried turmeric and tulasi leaves separately and in combination, each at 0.3 per cent level in quail layer diets resulted in numerical increase in egg production leading to economical advantages.
Effect of dietary inclusion of azolla (Azolla pinnata) on production performance of broiler chicken
(Department Of Poultry Sciences,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Balaji, K; Jalaludeen, A
An experiment was carried out at the Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy, to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of sun dried and ground Azolla (Azolla pinnata) on growth performance of broiler chicken. The study was conducted for a period of six weeks with one hundred and sixty, day-old commercial broiler chicks. The chicks were divided into four different treatments with four replicates of ten chicks each. The T1 was control with standard broiler ration and dried Azolla powder was supplemented in the basal diet at 1.5 per cent (T2), 3.0 per cent (T3) and 4.5 per cent (T4). The rations were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Chicks were reared under standard managemental conditions up to six weeks of age. The broiler starter ration was fed from 0 to 4 weeks of age and thereafter finisher ration during fifth and sixth week of age. Results of the present study revealed that supplementation of dried Azolla did not influence final body weight of broilers. The cumulative body weight gain up to sixth week of age did not reveal any significant difference among treatments. However, there was numerical reduction in both body weight and weight gain due to Azolla supplementation. The cumulative feed intake up to sixth week of age did not reveal any significant difference among treatments. But numerically lower feed consumption was recorded in 1.5 per cent (T2) and 3.0 per cent (T3) Azolla supplemented groups. The cumulative feed efficiency up to six week of age revealed no significant difference among the treatment groups. Although feed efficiency was numerically more with Azolla supplemented groups the differences were negligible. The per cent dressed yield, eviscerated yield, ready-to-cook yield, feather loss and total loss in broilers were not influenced by dietary supplementation of dried Azolla. The per cent giblet yield of birds fed with 4.5 per cent Azolla (T4) was significantly higher (P≤0.05) than control and other treatments. Giblet yield was low (P≤0.05) with 3.0 per cent Azolla supplemented group. The dietary supplementation of dried Azolla at 1.5 per cent level numerically reduced the serum total cholesterol level, while at 3.0 and 4.5 per cent levels (T3 and T4) there were significant (P≤0.05) reductions in serum total cholesterol. The dietary supplementation of dried Azolla at 4.5 (T4) per cent had significantly higher (P≤0.05) serum creatinine value than other treatment groups. The supplementation of Azolla at 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 per cent levels significantly (P≤0.05) reduced the breast meat cholesterol in broilers. The supplementation of Azolla at 3.0 and 4.5 per cent levels significantly reduced the thigh meat cholesterol in broilers than control and 1.5 per cent Azolla fed groups. The livability of birds in all four treatments were comparatively similar up to two weeks of age. However, at the end of experiment birds in 3.0 and 4.5 per cent Azolla supplemented groups livability per cent was less to the extent of 5 and 2.5 per cent respectively than control and 1.5 per cent Azolla fed group. Net profit per kg body weight was slightly lowered as a result of inclusion of dried Azolla at all three levels in broiler diet. The results of the present study suggest dried Azolla can be incorporated in broiler rations up to 4.5 per cent without affecting the economic traits. Moreover, dietary inclusion of dried Azolla in broiler rations is beneficial for substantial reduction in the cholesterol content of poultry meat.
Utilisation of dried fish waste and fermented fish waste silage in japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) layer ration
(Department of Poultry Science,College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Preeta Raghavan; Amritha Viswanath
An experiment was conducted in Japanese quail layers from 7 to 26 weeks of age by 100 per cent replacement of unsalted dried fish with dried fish waste and fermented fish waste silage on protein basis. The objective of the study was to assess the production performance as well as the economics of feed cost over production. One hundred and forty four Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) pullets of 6 weeks of age were randomly allotted to three treatment groups with four replicates of 12 quails each. Quail layer ration containing 10 per cent unsalted dried fish formed control ration (T1). The other two diets were formulated by 100 per cent replacement of unsalted dried fish by dried fish waste (T2) and fermented fish waste silage (T3). The experiment was conducted for five 28- day periods from 7 to 26 weeks of age. Data on meteorological parameters, body weight, body weight gain, egg production, egg quality characteristics, sensory evaluation, livability and economics were the criteria used for evaluation. The body weights in groups T1, T2 and T3 were 189.37, 192.69 and 187.07g at 6 weeks and 213.15, 219.42 and 211.72g at 26 weeks of age respectively. The body weight and body weight gain during observation period for different dietary treatments did not differ significantly (P<0.05). All the birds in treatments viz., T1, T2 and T3 attained sexual maturity at the age of 42.5, 43.3 and 42 days. The age at sexual maturity, the age at 10 and 50 per cent production did not differ significantly (P<0.05) between treatments. The quail housed egg production and quail day egg production were statistically comparable among the treatment groups. The cumulative quail housed number of eggs in the different dietary groups were 77.96, 91.74 and 82.51 respectively. The cumulative quail day number of eggs were 80.57, 92.79 and 85.64 respectively. The overall mean feed consumption per bird per day were 30.89, 31.42 and 31.33g for T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Significantly lower feed consumption was noted in control group (T1). Overall mean feed efficiency were 0.61, 0.65 and 0.67 for treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The overall mean egg weight of three dietary treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 were 11.91, 11.97 and 11.80g respectively and did not differ significantly (P<0.05). The cumulative mean egg quality traits such as shape index, albumen index, yolk index, internal quality unit and shell thickness did not differ significantly among the treatment groups. The mean score of sensory evaluation of quail eggs did not differ significantly among different dietary treatment groups. The livability per cent in treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 were 87.5, 85.4 and 70.8 per cent respectively. The cost of feed per egg was Rs.0.54, 0.37 and 0.42 for treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Marked reduction in the feed cost was noticed in the diet containing dried fish waste (T2) followed by fermented fish waste silage included diet (T3) The overall evaluation of the study reveals that dried fish waste and fermented fish waste silage could be used economically to replace unsalted dried fish protein completely in Japanese quail layer rations, without any adverse effect on overall performance.
Effect of dietary supplimentation of azolla (Azolla pinnata) on production performance in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
(Department of Poultry Science,College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2006) Raseena Karim; Jalaludeen, A
Effect of dietary supplementation of turmeric (Curcuma longa ) on production performance of broiler chicken
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Simi, G; Anitha, P
An experiment was conducted at the Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy to study the effect of dietary supplementation of turmeric (Curcuma longa) on performance of broiler chicken. One hundred and ninety two, day-old commercial broiler chicks (Vencob) were reared under four dietary groups with four replicates of twelve birds each. The group Ti was the control group and turmeric powder was supplemented in the basal diet at 0.2 per cent (T2), 0.4 per cent (T3) and 0.6 per cent (T4). The chicks were reared under standard managemental conditions up to six weeks of age. The broiler starter ration was fed from zero to four weeks of age and finisher ration from five to six weeks of age. Results of the present study revealed that supplementation of turmeric at 0.6 per cent level significantly (P S 0.05) depressed the final body weight of broilers at 6 weeks of age. The cumulative feed intake and feed conversion ratio up to sixth week of age did not reveal significant difference between the dietary groups. The ready to cook yield, blood loss and total loss were not influenced by the dietary supplementation of turmeric. The dressed yield in groups fed 0.2 and 0.4 per cent turmeric were significantly higher (P S 0.05) than that of the control group. The giblet yield in all the turmeric supplemented groups were significantly higher than the control group (P S 0.05). The per cent weight of thymus and bursa were increased by . the supplementation of 0.6 per cent turmeric. The dietary supplementation' of turmeric improved the haematological parameters as haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leucocyte and erythrocyte counts. The dietary supplementation of turmeric at 0.4 and 0.6 per cent levels (T3 and T4) resulted in a significant (PS 0.05) reduction in serum cholesterol level. The supplementation of turmeric did not influence the level of serum total protein. The supplementation of turmeric at 0.4 and 0.6 per cent levels (T3 and T4) significantly (PS 0.05) reduced the serum total lipids in broilers. The level of liver enzymes ALT and AST was significantly (PS 0.05) reduced by the supplementation of turmeric at 0.6 per cent level. The supplementation of turmeric at 0.4 per cent reduced the thigh meat cholesterol in broilers (P~ 0.05). Livability of birds in all dietary groups was 100 per cent. The results obtained in the present study showed that the supplementation of turmeric at the levels 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 per cent employed in the study had no deleterious effect in broilers .The net profit per kg body weight was reduced as a result of inclusion of turmeric powder in broiler diet. However, the higher dressed and giblet yields, lower meat cholesterol consequent to turmeric supplementation seems to be advantageous.
Supplimentation of protease on the production performance of Japanese qualis (Coturnis coturnis japonica) fed low protein diet
(Department of Poultry Science,College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2005) Sheena Grace Koshy; Elizabeth, V K
Utilisation of dried cuttle fish (Sepia officialis) waste silage in layer duck ration
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2005) Jayant Govindan; Peethambaran, P A
An experiment was conducted in Department of Poultry Science, Kerala Agricultural University during the period from June to November, 2004 to assess the utilization of dried cuttle fish waste silage (CFWS) on replacement of dried fish (DF) in indigenous layer duck ration. At the age of 24 weeks, 96 layer ducks were housed under cage system of rearing with two ducks per cage. They were divided into three groups T1, T2 and T3 comprising 32 ducks per group with 8 replicates having four ducks per replicate. The three groups of ducks were fed with dietary combinations of 10 per cent DF and zero per cent dried CFWS (T1), 5 per cent DF and 11.45 per cent dried CFWS (T2) and 22.9 per cent dried CFWS replacing DF completely (T3) and the diets were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The first egg in the flock was laid in groups T1 and T2 at 169 days of age and ages at 10 and 50 per cent production were also early in T1. The overall duck housed number and duck housed per cent production during 25-44 weeks of age were 75.06 and 53.61 in T1 which was though numerically superior was statistically non significant compared with T2 and T3. The overall mean daily feed consumption was 166.36,166.80 and 168.35 g per duck which were statistically comparable between various treatment groups. The overall feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs was 3.58, 4.23 and 4.32 and per kg egg mass was 4.65, 5.14 and 5.22 in T1, T2 and T3 respectively which was non-significant (P<0.05). The overall mean egg weight (EW) was 63.80, 67.74 and 67.09 g in T1, T2 and T3 having significantly lower EW in T1, whereas it was comparable between T2 and T3. The lower DHN in groups fed dried CFWS was compensated by higher mean egg weight and thereby total egg mass in the study periodwas maintained in the cuttle fish waste silage fed groups. All the internal egg quality traits namely, albumen index, yolk index, percent shell and shell thickness did not differ between treatment groups during five, 28-day periods. Livability was excellent in all groups. Economically, though control group showed higher feeding cost, due to higher egg number it returned higher margin of return over feed cost of rupees 0.26 per egg, whereas it was Rs. 0.04 in T2 and Rs.0.14 in T3. Thus, it was concluded that dried cuttle fish waste silage can be included at 11.5 and 22.9 per cent levels in duck layer rations with significantly higher mean egg weight as 50 and 100 per cent replacement for dried fish protein under cage system of rearing of ducks.
Calcium and phosphorus requirements of indigenous layer ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2002) Ravi, S; Peethambaran, P A
A 3 x 3 factorial experiment was carried out at the Department of Poultry Science, Kerala Agricultural University during the period from February to July 2002 to establish the optimum requirements of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (AP) in the diets for indigenous layer ducks under cage system of rearing. The Kuttanad varieties of indigenous ducklings of Kerala were maintained on deep litter system of rearing until 18 weeks of age at the University poultry farm, Mannuthy. From this flock, Ninety (90) female ducks were housed in 45 California type cages at the rate of two ducks per cage and they were weighed individually at 20 weeks of age. The dimension of each cage was 60 x 45 x 40 cm and the floor area of 1350 cm2 per duck was provided in the cage. The experimental diets were fed from 21 to 40 weeks of age and the observations were recorded in five periods of 28 days each. Nine experimental diets containing three levels of Ca viz., 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 per cent with three levels of AP viz., 0.40, 0.50 and 0.60 per cent were formulated and were fed to nine treatments consisting of five replicates of two ducks per cage in each treatment in a 3x3 factorial design. The mean body weight of ducks at 20 weeks of age was uniform III all groups ranging from 1400±9.11 to 1465±53.24 g with an overall mean of 1431±9.96 g. The Ca and AP levels did not influence significantly the 40th week body weight, which ranged from 1473±18.10 to 1579±58.28 g with an overall mean of 1544± 13.7 6g. The age at first egg in the flock with 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 per cent Ca levels were 154, 158 and 148 days respectively and with AP levels 0.4,0.5 and 0.6 per cent the same were 161, 154 and 148 days respectively. The period wise mean duck housed number (DHN) from 25-40 weeks of age (18.1eggs) was significantly higher with ducks fed 4.0 per cent Ca (P<0.05). The interaction effect was significant (P<0.05) for the dietary combination of 4.0 per cent Ca and 0.6 per cent AP with 20.2 eggs. The cumulative egg number (EN) of 75.7 eggs from 21 to 40 weeks of age was also higher with the Ca level 4.0 per cent and the 71.9 per cent production with diet T9 was superior by interaction effect (P<0.05). The duck housed per cent (DHP) production from 25 to 40 weeks of age averaged 64.6±1.92 per cent with 4.0 per cent Ca level. The Ca and AP levels in the diet did not influence the mean daily feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg mass and shell thickness. The overall mean daily feed consumption was 137.2±1.49 g per duck. The FCR per dozen eggs was 2.8±0.078 and that per kg egg was 3.9±0.099 for the period from 25 to 40 weeks of age. The mean egg weight (EW) and per cent shell were highly significant and the EW of 60.1±0.575 g averaged with 3.0 per cent Ca and 0.5 per cent AP level as well were high (Pinteraction effect with the above combination was also significant (PThe 9. 7±0. 081 per cent shell recorded with 0.5 per cent AP was significantly lower in comparison with other AP levels (P<0.05). At 40 weeks of age, the overall mean serum Ca was 15.42±0.35 mg/dl and serum P was 3.18±0.081 mg/dl. The mean serum inorganic P value of 2.92±0.164. mg/dl recorded with dietary Ca level 4.0 per cent was significantly lower than that of 3.5 per cent Ca level (P<0.05). The tibia ash (62.34±0.512 per cent) was significantly higher with 0.6 per cent dietary AP level (P<0.05) and the tibia ash Ca with 4.0 per cent dietary Ca level was significantly higher and the interaction effect with 0.6 per cent AP level was also significant. With this AP level, the tibia P was reduced significantly, but the interaction showed that the tibia P was high with diet T9. The liveability was excellent in ducks reared in cages (100 per cent) and there was no mortality during the period from 21 to 40 weeks of age. In the present study, the production traits used for evaluating the Ca and AP requirements of caged layer ducks were EN, EW, egg mass, feed consumption and FCR. The study revealed that 4.0 per cent Ca in the diet was superior over other Ca levels in the diet. The dietary Ca and AP levels did not influence the mean daily feed consumption and feed conversion ratios significantly. On the other hand, dietary AP levels influenced the mean EW, per cent shell, tibia ash weight and tibia ash Ca and P. Though the mean EW of 60.1±O.566 g recorded with 0.5 per cent AP was significantly higher, the significant interaction on egg number with the 0.6 per cent AP with 4.0 per cent Ca was found superior. Therefore it will be logical to set the requirements of AP at 0.6 per cent level. Thus, the overall results of the present study revealed that the 4.0 per cent Ca and 0.6 per cent AP levels with 18 per cent Crude Protein and 2650 Kcal ME/kg was optimum for egg production in indigenous layer ducks under cage system of rearing.
Effect of sodium sulphate supplementation in broiler diet
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2001) Anil, B ; Amritha Viswanath
An investigation was carried out at the Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy to evaluate the effect of supplementation of sodium sulphate in broiler diets devoid of animal protein sources. T•wo hundred and ten, one-day old straight-run commercial broiler chicks were reared for a period of eight weeks under five different dietary treatments. The dietary treatments consisted of control ration (T1) prepared using unsalted dried fish as animal protein source, all vegetable protein diets with the addition of 300 g DL- methionine (T2), anhydrous sodium sulphate at the levels of 200 g (T3), 300 g (T4) and 400 g (T5) in every 100 kg diet. All the rations were formulated as per BIS (1992) specification of nutrients for brpiler chicken. Soybean meal, ground nut cake and gingelly oil cake were used as protein sources in all vegetable protein diet. The chicks were fed with starter diets upto six weeks of age and there after finisher diet up to eight weeks of age. Except for the difference in feed, all the management practices followed were uniform for the different treatment groups. Body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were recorded at fortnightly intervals. At the end of eighth week processing yields and losses, total serum protein and haemoglobin content of blood were recorded. Cost benefit analysis were ascertained for different dietary treatment groups at sixth and eighth weeks of age. Results of the study revealed that the mean cumulative body weight of broiler recorded at sixth week of age did not reveal any significant difference between dietary treatments. But body weight recorded at eighth week of age revealed significant difference (P<0.05) between dietary treatments. Broilers fed with control diet (Tl) recorded the highest (Pweight but is statistically comparable to group fed wi th 0.3 per cent sodium sulphate (T4). Broilers fed all vegetable protein diet with 0.4 per cent sodium sulphate (T4) is statistically comparable to T2, T3 and T5. Similar trend was followed in body weight gain also. Feed intake of broilers in the group fed with 0.2 per cent sodium sulphate (T3) statistically comparable to was the. lowest and was control group protein (Tl) . diet Broilers fed with with all vegetable supplemented methionine (T2) recorded significantly higher feed consumption. The cumulative feed consumption upto eight weeks of age was not affected by either sodium ~ulphate or methionine supplementation. Mean cumulative feed efficiency at sixth week of age recorded significant (P<0.05) difference between treatments. Broilers fed control diet and sodium sulphate supplemented diet recorded better feed efficiency when compared to all vegetable protein diet supplemented with methionine (T2). At eighth week of age cumulative feed efficiency was not affected by supplementation of either sodium sulphate or methionine. Processing yields or losses were not affected by different dietary treatments. Haemoglobin and serum protein were not influenced by dietary treatments. Mortality pattern showed no difference among the five dietary treatment groups. All vegetable protein rations prepared with the addition of either methionine or sodium sulphate had higher price when compared to control ration. Based on this study it was summarized that supplementation of methionine or sodium sulphate in all vegetable protein diet has no deleterious effects on the performance of broilers. Moreover it was revealed that sodium sulphate can be added at 0.2 per cent level in the broiler starter and finisher vegetable protein ration when good quality fish is not available.
Comparative performance of new hampshire and indigenous naked neck hens in cages
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2000) Jayasree, K S; Peethambaran, P A
An experiment was carried out at the Kerala Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy in order to evaluate the production performance of New Hampshire and Naked Neck hens in cages. Sixty (60) pullets each of New Hampshire (NH) and Naked neck (NN) at the age of 18 weeks were housed at random in identical cages in four replicates each at the rate of 15 birds per replicate and three birds per cage. Layer mash with BIS specifications was fed ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Standard routine management practices were followed in the study. The production performance in cages for five periods of 28-days each were recorded during January to June 1999. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the production performance of New Hampshire and Naked Neck hens from 20 to 40 weeks of age in cages. Body weight at 20 and 40 weeks of age in New Hampshire and Naked Neck were recorded individually and the respective mean values were found to be 1675.10 g and 1682.30 g at 20 weeks and 2635.45 g and 2703.65 gat 40 weeks of age. The average age at first egg was 164.50 days in New Hampshire and 164.71 days in Naked Neck hens. The mean ages at 10 and 50 per cent production were 168. 15 and 175.5 days in New Hampshire and 170.35 and 176.55 days in Naked Neck respectively. • ii The mean egg production recorded was 4.15 with 59.28 per cent in New t: ) Hampshire and 4.51 eggs with 64.42 per cent in Naked Neck on hen housed basis and on hen-day basis 4.16 eggs with 59.42 per cent in New Hampshire and 4.52 eggs with 64.57 per cent in Naked Neck. The highest production was obtained at 31 weeks of age in New Hampshire and Naked Neck birds on hen-housed and hen-day basis. The mean daily feed consumption worked out was 123.06 gin NH and 123.46 g in NN. Feed conversion ratio on the basis of dozen eggs for New Hampshire was 2.60 and it was 2.45 in Naked Neck hens. Egg weight at last three days in each period was individually recorded and the overall mean egg weight for 21 to 40 weeks of age was 50.44 g in New Hampshire and 53.36 g in Naked Neck. The overall mean egg mass per day was 1.60 kg in NH and 1.84 kg in NN. The mean percentages of shell, albumen and ,yolk were 10.17, 58.59 and 31.24 in New Hampshire and 9.41, 57.65 and 32.94 in Naked Neck eggs respectively. The mean shell thickness was 0.44 mm in NH and 0.48 mm in NN eggs. The mean i indices of shape, albumen and yolk were i.34, 0.09 and 0.36 in New Hampshire and 1.32,0.07 and 034 in Naked Neck. The mean yolk cholesterol was 14.54 mg per g of yolk in New Hampshire and 14.46 mg per g of yolk in Naked Neck eggs. The mean Haugh Unit Score was 87.16 in 'New Hampshire and 80.58 in Naked Neck hens. The livability per cent from 21 to 40 weeks of age was 91.66 in New Hampshire and 93.33 per cent in Naked Neck. The feed cost per egg was 226 paise in New Hampshire and 212 paise in Naked Neck hens. Based on the above findings, it is evident that the overall egg weight, egg mass and shell thickness were significantly higher (P<0.05) in Naked Neck birds. The overall mean albumen index and yolk index were significantly higher (P<0.05) in New Hampshire birds. The differences in body weight at 20 and 40 weeks, age at sexual maturity, overall HlR'-J, HDN and its percentages, overall feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, per cent shell, per cent albumen and per cent yolk., shape index, yolk. cholesterol and Haugh Unit Score were non- significant between New Hampshire and Naked Neck. Therefore it was concluded that Naked Neck birds have an edge over new Hampshire birds in egg production, egg weight, egg mass and shell thickness. However, New Hampshire birds had better albumen and yolk percentage. New Hampshire and Naked Neck were similar in characters of body weight, age at sexual maturity, egg production, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, per cent shell, per cent albumen, per cent yolk, yolk. cholesterol and Haugh Unit Score, when reared in cages.

1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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