1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Economic analysis of production, marketing and price bahaviour of nutmeg in Kerala
    (Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Reshama Sara Sabu; Anil Kuruvila
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    Economic analysis of production, marketing and price behavior of coconut
    (Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2017) Preethi, V P; Jesy Thomas, K
    Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important crop cultivated in Kerala which covers 39 per cent of net area sown in the state and contributes 15 per cent to the state agricultural GDP. Even though the state has the largest area under coconut cultivation, per palm productivity is very low at 42 nuts per tree. Now the state is losing its share to other competitive states like Tamil Nadu which ranks first in production. Hence the present study was carried out to analyse the trend in area, production and productivity and price behaviour of coconut in Kerala along with an understanding of production and marketing structure. Kozhikode district was selected as the study area which has the largest area under coconut cultivation in Kerala. Based on the list of farmers collected from Krishibhavans, 40 farmers were randomly selected from the two selected blocks making a total sample size of 80. The information was also collected from 25 market intermediaries including wholesalers, retailers and millers. Trend analysis was done to understand the growth pattern of coconut in terms of area, production and productivity both at national and state level from 1980-01 to 2015-16. In India, area, production and productivity of coconut showed an increasing trend. The analysis on the growth performance of coconut in India revealed that area, production and productivity of coconut had shown an increasing trend, with the exception of growth in area and production during Period I. During Period II, in spite of a higher growth in productivity, the growth rate was lower for production due to stagnant growth in area. However, the growth in area, production and productivity during the overall period under study was significant and positive. In case of Kerala, productivity-based growth of output was observed which means that the growth in production of coconut was mainly by the contribution of growth in productivity rather than in area. The price behavior of coconut and copra in major markets of Kerala viz., Alappuzha and Kozhikode were analyzed by decomposing the monthly price data into four components viz., secular trend, seasonal variation, cyclical variation and irregular variation assuming a multiplicative model of time series. The price of coconut and copra in these markets showed an increasing trend in the long run. While analysing the seasonal variation it was noticed that during the Period I (1980-01 to 1995-96), price of coconut showed wide fluctuations in both the markets but it was considerably low in Period II (1995-96 to 2015-16) whereas, the seasonal variation of copra price in both the markets showed a similar pattern. Three to four cycles were seen in both the market prices but the length of cycles was observed to be varying. Co-integration analysis of coconut prices in the above two markets were carried out and it was revealed that both the markets were integrated. In order to provide additional evidence as to whether and in which direction, price transmission was occurred Granger causality test was carried out and the results proved the existence of unidirectional causality between Kozhikode and Alappuzha market prices in the long run. Since coconut is a perennial crop, its yielding phase was assumed to be 50 years, with a non-bearing phase of 7 years. The cost and returns were estimated taking into account the establishment cost and the maintenance cost. The cost of cultivation per hectare was Rs.1,01,989 with a net return of Rs.24,011. It was noted that human labour accounted for 50 per cent of the total cost. To evaluate resource use efficiency in coconut cultivation, Cobb-Douglas production function was fitted. Manures, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were found to be significantly contributing towards the yield. Moreover, an increasing returns to scale in coconut production was observed in the study area which implies that there is ample scope to increase the profit of farmers by proper adoption of technology and by optimal allocation of resources. Marketing plays a predominant role in agricultural development and is as important as production to any producer. Thus, an efficient marketing system can increase the level of income of producers and raise the satisfaction of consumers. Marketing of coconut needs further attention in Kerala, the land of coconut as it serves the lives for more than 80 per cent of the people in the state. The most common marketing channel identified in the study area was channel I (Producer- village trader- wholesaler- retailor- consumers). It was found that lack of storage facilities and fluctuating prices drive the producers to sell raw nuts immediately after harvesting instead of waiting for a higher price for their produce. Major constraints identified in the study area were wide fluctuations in coconut prices, high labour cost, pests and diseases attack and inadequate procurement scheme. In order to tackle these problems, it is necessary to encourage coconut farmers to replant old and senile trees by providing subsidy and ensure high production by strengthening the existing procurement scheme. Strategies emphasizing implementation of comprehensive coconut rejuvenation programmes, enhancing productivity through better technology integration and value addition through product diversification to ensure better price for farmers are suggested.
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    Production and marketing of vanilla
    (Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2005) Deepa, U V; Jesy Thomas, K
    The present study on the economics of production and marketing of vanilla aims to estimate the costs and returns in vanilla cultivation, identify the marketing channels and marketing costs along with the analysis of the price behaviour and trade competitiveness of vanilla in Kerala The cost of cultivation was worked out using operation wise approach and input wise approach by employing the ABC cost concepts in farm management. Small sized, medium sized and large sized vanilla plantations behaved differently in incurring costs during the establishment, steady yield and declining yield periods. The total cost of establishment at the aggregate level was Rs.1, 45,102 per hectare and it ranged from Rs. 1,37,445 per hectare in small holdings to Rs. 1,54,776 per hectare in medium sized holdings. The annual maintenance cost during the stabilized yield period worked out to Rs.57829 per hectare at the aggregate level and it was Rs. 55456,Rs.58343 and Rs.58577 per hectare for small, medium and large holdings respectively. The annual maintenance cost during the declining yield period worked out to Rs57313 at the aggregate level and it was Rs. 56042, Rs. 58158, and Rs. 58507 for small, medium and large holdings. Input wise analysis of costs for establishment stage showed that cost C3 at the aggregate level worked out to Rs. 193205. The total Cost C3 for steady yield stage worked out to Rs. 81057 at the aggregate level and it was Rs 77508, Rs. 83444 and Rs. 83466 for small, medium and large holdings respectively. During the declining yield stage cost C3 at the aggregate level worked out to Rs.79407, and it was Rs. 77320,Rs. 819175and Rs. 81354 for Small, medium and large farmers respectively. The returns from green beans started from third year and it remained stable from fourth to seventh year and declined during eighth to fifteenth year. . The returns from the by product commenced from the third year onwards and increased during the steady yield stage and declining yield stage. It was observed that cost of production was more during the later stages of growth than the beginning stages of vanilla production. A higher benefit cost ratio and high NPW for small holdings pointed out its higher profitability compared to medium and large holdings. The major marketing channels identified were Producer-Local agent –exporter, Producer Exporter, Producer - vanilla growers association- exporter. It was found that it was highly beneficial for the vanilla grower to go for on farm processing of the beans instead of selling as raw beans, if they could maintain the required international quality of the beans. The major constraints faced by the farmers were price fluctuations, lack of marketing facilities, lack of knowledge on processing