1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Development and evaluation of organo-mineral fertilizer for enhancing the growth and yield of sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2025-02-11) Ganesh, S; Nishan, M AThe study, entitled "Development and evaluation of organo-mineral fertilizer for enhancing the growth and yield of sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.)," was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, from 2022 to 2024. The main objectives were to standardize the nutrient sources for formulation of organo-mineral fertilizer and to assess its impact on growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency of sesamum. The first part of the study, conducted at the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani from October 2023 to March 2024, involved formulating two organo-mineral fertilizers (OMFs). OMF 1 composed primarily of cow dung powder, neem cake, groundnut cake, urea, rock phosphate, MOP, polyhalite, zinc sulphate, borax, humic acid, and seaweed powder, while OMF 2 was formulated with rice husk biochar as a base along with the same components as OMF 1 in varying ratios such that the final product had a NPK content of 6:3:6. The initial NPK content of OMF 1 was 6.58 per cent, 3.31 per cent and 6.55 per cent and for OMF 2 was 6.6 per cent, 3.27 per cent and 6.62 per cent respectively. A six-month storage study showed a reduction in nitrogen by 14.13 per cent, phosphorus by 2.14 per cent and potassium by 1.20 per cent in case of OMF 1 and 8.93 per cent nitrogen, 4.53 per cent phosphorus and 1.52 per cent potassium in case of OMF 2. The second part of the study was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani from October 2023 to January 2024 for analyzing the nutrient release patterns of OMFs using completely randomized block design with four treatments (T1-100% RDN as OMF 1, T2-100% RDN as OMF 2, T3-100% RDN as KAU POP, and T4-Control) and four replications each. At 15 days after incubation (DAI), T3 (conventional fertilizer) recorded higher nutrient release (90 per cent N, 80 per cent P, 90 per cent K), while OMF 1 released 53.18 per cent N, , 45.65 per cent P, and 40.40 per cent K and OMF 2 released 53.22 per cent N, 50 per cent P and 43.23 per cent K respectively. Though, T3 initially showed greater release, OMF 1 and OMF 2 had higher NPK release rates at 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAI. A crop response study was conducted in farmer’s field at Kakkamoola, Thiruvananthapuram, from January 2024 to April 2024, to evaluate the effect of OMFs on growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency of sesamum. The field experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications, using the sesamum variety Thilak. The treatments were T1: 100 per cent RDN as OMF 1, T2: 100 per cent RDN as OMF 2, T3: 75 per cent RDN as OMF 1, T4: 75 per cent RDN as OMF 1, T5: 50 per cent RDN as OMF 1, T6: 50 per cent RDN as OMF 2, T7: 100 per cent RDN as KAU POP (FYM @ 5 t ha-1, 30:15:30 kg NPK ha-1 as urea, rock phosphate and MOP), T8: control (no fertilizer application). All the treatments, except control, received FYM @ 5 t ha⁻¹, while lime @ 350 kg ha-1 was applied only in T7. Application of 100 per cent RDN as KAU POP resulted in taller plants at 30 DAS (65.71 cm), 45 DAS (111.43 cm), 60 DAS (152.03 cm) and 90 DAS (157.37 cm) and was comparable with T2 at 30 DAS and 45 DAS. At 60 DAS and 90 DAS, plant height in both T1 and T2 was comparable with T7. Application of 100 per cent RDN as KAU POP (T7) resulted in higher leaf area at 30 DAS (740.49 cm²) and 45 DAS (1414.5 cm²), which was comparable to T2 and T1. At 60 DAS, T7 resulted in higher leaf area (2170.66 cm²) which was statistically on a par with T2 . The treatment, T7 also recorded higher dry matter production (3232.63 kg ha⁻¹), capsules per plant (77.93 nos.), seed yield (606.93 kg ha⁻¹) and haulm yield (2456.27 kg ha⁻¹), and was comparable with T2 (100% RDN as OMF 2). The harvest index was statistically similar for T2, T4, and T7 (0.198). Oil content in T1 and T2 were similar (44.63 %), which was significantly different from other treatments. At 30 DAS, T2 recorded higher chlorophyll content (2.02 mg g⁻¹ of fresh weight) and was comparable with T1 and T7. At 60 DAS, T7 recorded higher chlorophyll content (1.68 mg g⁻¹ of fresh weight) and was comparable with T1, T2, and T4. The treatment, T2 recorded higher nitrogen (85.04 kg ha⁻¹), phosphorus (16.08 kg ha⁻¹), and potassium (43.80 kg ha⁻¹) uptake and was on a par with T7. The treatment, T6 resulted in higher partial factor productivity (PFPNPK) which was comparable with T5. Agronomic efficiency (AENPK) was higher in T7 and was comparable with T2 and T4. The treatment, T4 achieved higher apparent recovery efficiency of nitrogen (AREN) and was comparable with T2 and T7. The treatment T2 recorded higher AREP and AREK, which was comparable with T4 and T7. Soil organic carbon was higher in T2 (1.14 per cent) and was comparable with T1 and T7. Available N and P were also higher in T2 (328.11 and 72.05 kg ha⁻¹) and was comparable with T1. Available K was significantly higher in T2 (287.63 kg ha⁻¹). The treatment, T2 resulted in higher actual gain of N (52.15 kg ha⁻¹), P (22.55 kg ha⁻¹), and K (35.43 kg ha⁻¹). The treatment, T7 recorded higher gross income (₹ 106213 ha-1) which was comparable with T2. The net income was higher in T2 (₹ 45123 ha-1) which was comparable with T1, T4 and T7. The treatment, T1 recorded higher BC ratio (1.85) which was on a par with T2 and T4. From the present study, it could be concluded that basal application of Rice husk biochar-based OMF prepared by mixing rice husk biochar (15 %), neem cake (6 %), groundnut cake (6 %), urea (16 %), rock phosphate (23 %), MOP (11 %), polyhalite (15%), zinc sulphate (2 %), borax (2 %), humic acid (2 %) and seaweed powder (2 %) on percentage weight basis increased oil yield, enhanced soil health and provided higher profitability compared to KAU POP. Hence, basal application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Rice husk biochar-based OMF @ 500 kg ha-1 could be recommended as the productive, profitable and nutrient use efficient organo-mineral fertilizer option for sesamum.Item Studies on leaf curl disease of sesamum(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1984) Jayasree, M; Balakrishnan, SLeaf curl disease of sesamum, its symptomatology, mode of transmission, vector-virus relationships, the pattern of spread under field conditions and the extent of loss caused by the disease were investigated. Major symptoms of the disease were abaxial curling of the leaves, thickening of the veins on the under surface of the leaves, leathery appearance of the leaves and reduction in the size of leaf lamina. The plants remained stunted and produced few flowers and pods when infection occurred during the early stages of the plant growth. When infection occurred during later stages there was production of flowers and pods hut to a limited extent. This particular virus could he transmitted by wedge and side grafting and by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. The minimum, acquisition feeding period was found to be 10 min and the minimum inoculation feeding period was 20 min. The vector required an incubation period of 28 h to become viruliferous. Even a single whitefly was found to be capable of transmitting the virus. Once the vector acquired the virus it would retain it till its death. Negative results were obtained in the case of sap and seed transmission showing that this particular virus was not sap and seed transmissible.Item Genotype X environment interaction, for yield and its component a in sesamum(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1984) Geetha, P; Gopinathan Nair, VA detailed evaluation of the production potential of 15 multipoded and multiloculed types and varieties available at the Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, was undertaken to select suitable varieties for the summer rice fallows and robi uplando. The study also aimed at the estimation of genotype x environment interaction, the phenotypic stability of these varieties and the correlations of different characters including seed yield. The field trials were laid out at two locations vis, summer rice « > fallows at Kayamkulam and rabi uplands at Vellayani. The analysis of variance in respect of each character for each location, as well as for both the locations together was done. There was no significant difference between the varieties for number of days to flowering, at both the locations. But they differed significantly for days to maturity, length of pod, number of locules per pod, number of seals per pod, seed yield per plant, weight of thousand seeds and oil content. There was significant difference for height of plants end number of pods per plant in rice fallows and for number of pods per axil in uplands.Item Fungal diseases of sesamum in Kerala(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1989) Sulochana, K K; Balakrishnan, SOnly limited information is currently available on the fungal diseases of sesamum in Kerala. During the course of the present study 12 fungal diseases could be identified and among these, leaf spots caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae and Pestalotia sp. are new records. Investigations were carried out to find out the losses caused by the major fungal pathogens, viz., Alternaria sesami, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Botryodiplodia and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami. Loss estimation studies conducted revealed that all the above fungi reduced the yield considerably. Rhizopus nigricans, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Mucor haemali were the common fungi found associated with sesamum seeds. Mode of entry, histopathology and toxin studies were conducted with the five major fungal pathogens. These varied with different organisms. Survival ability of the five species of fungi ranged from three months in A. sesami to elevan months in B. theobromae and F. oxysporum f. sp. sesami. In vitro evaluation of fungicides, in general, revealed that, Bavistin, Bordeaus mixture and Dithane M-45 were superior to the other fungicides tested, and in the field experiment Bavistin was found to be the best. The residue levels of carbendazim of Bavistin sprayed sesamum leaves and pods were below the maximum residue level fixed. Application of fungicides caused alterations in the acid value, iodine value and saponification value of sesamum oil. Bavistin was found to be the most efficient as well as economical fungicide in controlling the leaf spot diseases of sesamum. Varietal screening trials showed Si. 866, Kayamkulam-2, Si.44, Trivandrum local and North Kerala local No.24 as resistant/tolerant varieties against the five species of fungi.