1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Screening early segregating generation of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) for resistance against shoot and fruit borer
    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture Vellanikkara, 2024-01-31) Ankit Kumar Upadhyay; Jiji Joseph
    Brinjal, known as eggplant or guinea squash (Solanum melongena L.), belongs to the Solanaceae family. The fruit from the genus Solanum is also called “The King of vegetables”. It is an important solanaceous crop cultivated worldwide and is native to the Hindustan-China center, where it still grows in the wild. The brinjal crop is highly vulnerable to several pests and diseases. Among these, the production and productivity of the crop are severely affected by brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB; Leucinodes orbonalis G.) reducing its market value. The loss caused by the pest may reach up to 70 - 92 per cent. The inadequacy of reliable biological control for the management of BSFB leaves farmers to resort to insecticides. This underscores the critical necessity for extensive research and the development of varieties resistant to shoot and fruit borer. Such resistant varieties have the potential to emerge as the most environment friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable method for pest control. In this context, the present study entitled “Screening early segregating generations of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) for resistance against shoot and fruit borer” was conducted to investigate and select the superior lines with resistance to shoot and fruit borer from early segregating generations. Segregating generations of two crosses i.e., Ponni × Vengeri (F3 and F4 generations) and Ponni × IC624241 (F2 generation) were evaluated along with the parents and check varieties. Segregation with wide variation was observed in all the generations viz—F2, F3, and F4 of the respective crosses. Regarding fruit colour, both the segregating generations of Ponni (green) × Vengeri (purple-green) showed wide variation in the colouring pattern. The segregating generations had both oblong and long-shaped fruits similar to parental types i.e., Ponni (oblong) and Vengeri (long). Besides, elongated fruits were also observed in both generations. All the fruits in the F2 generation of Ponni × IC624241, exhibited green colour similar to the parent Ponni whereas, the fruit shape was round as in IC624241. Range, mean, variance, genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) (%), phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) (%), heritability (H2), genetic advance (GA), genetic advance as percentage over mean (%) (GAM), skewness, kurtosis, and correlation between growth and yield traits were estimated in F2, F3, and F4 75 generations of the respective crosses. PCV was higher than GCV for all the traits in all the generations. The observed variability across all studied populations remained consistently high for various traits. This variability persisted in the subsequent generations, as indicated by the range, GCV, PCV, H2, GA, GAM, skewness, and kurtosis. This suggests that a single seed descent (SSD) method was employed throughout the generations without any selection process. For pedigree selection BSFB scoring according to Mishra et al., (1988) at the fruiting and shooting stage was performed and all the lines were categorized as susceptible to highly susceptible in accordance with their scale. The selection criteria for identifying the best-performing lines were based on percentage of fruit infestation, marketable yield, fruit yield per plant, and percentage of shoot infestation. Based on the selection criteria lines 1.2.18, 1.2.10, and 1.3.10 were identified from the F3 generation of the cross between Ponni × Vengeri and were forwarded as F4 lines. In the F2 generation of the cross between Ponni × IC624241, five F2 plants showed 50 per cent of fruit resistance but, due to susceptibility to bacterial wilt and low population size, further studies were not conducted. Correlation data from F3 (Ponni × Vengeri) and F2 (Ponni × IC624241) generation of the crosses revealed a positive association between the number of flowers, number of shoots, fruits per plant, and length of fruit with shoot and fruit infestation. However, in the F4 generation of Ponni × Vengeri the length and diameter of the fruit showed a negative correlation with the shoot and fruit infestation by BSFB. Fruit yield per plant was positively associated with the number of flowers, shoots, fruits, length of fruit, and average fruit weight in all the studied populations. The diameter of the fruit also showed a positive association with yield in the F2 (Ponni × IC624241) and F4 (Ponni × Vengeri) populations of the crosses. Superior lines selected through the pedigree method in terms of marketable yield and resistance to BSFB were identified from the F3 forwarded F4 generation of Ponni × Vengeri, the lines were 1.2.18.8, 1.2.10.7, and 1.3.10.7 (in descending order of their performance). The superior lines with resistance for fruit infestation from F4 generation developed through SSD were 1.3.11.2 (0 %), 1.4.13.2 (50 %), and 1.10.16.4 (0 %). The identified lines from the F4 generation of cross Ponni × Vengeri may be forwarded further to develop resistant varieties and other studies.
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    Stability analysis of hybrids and pedigree selection in brinjal (Solanum melongena) with resistance to shoot and fruit borer
    (Department of plant breeding and genetics, college of agriculture , vellanikkara, 2023-07-15) Arya Sidharth, M; Jiji Joseph
    Brinjal, also known as ‘eggplant’ or ‘Guinea squash,’ is one of the most popular and commercial crop grown in India and other parts of the world. It is often referred as vegetable of masses and believed to have originated in Indo-Burma region. The main factor limiting the production of eggplant in the Indian sub-continent is the infestation of the Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer (BSFB) or Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer (EFSB) (Leucinodes orbonalis Guen.). Farmers mostly rely on chemical insecticides to control EFSB, which lead to massive pesticide overuse. The environment friendly method to minimize pest-related damage is Host Plant Resistance (HPR). However, to get a satisfactory yield in addition to being resistant to fruit and shoot borer, the varieties should be stable in performance over a range of environments. The present study entitled “Stability analysis of hybrids and pedigree selection in brinjal (Solanum melongena) with resistance to shoot and fruit borer” comprised of two experiments. First experiment was an attempt to identify suitable high yielding hybrids resistant to shoot and fruit borer for general cultivation across three agroecological units of Pattambi, Vellanikkara and Vadakara. Materials used for the study comprised of four F1 hybrids (Ponni x Vengeri, Ponni x Arka Kusumakar, Haritha x Vengeri and Ponni x IC 618044) developed at Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, along with their parents and standard check for yield, Neelima. Field experiments were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The second experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluation of F2 populations of two crosses ( Ponni x Vengeri and Haritha x IC 624241) and pedigree selection for resistance to shoot and fruit borer. The experimental materials included two crosses (200 plants each), their parents and standard check, Neelima. Observations were recorded on eleven characters: number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, number of infested fruits per plant, number of shoots per plant, number of infested shoots per plant, number of primary branches per plant, fruit weight (g), fruit yield per plant (g), marketable yield per plant (g), per cent fruit infestation and percent shoot infestation. The recorded observations were subjected to individual location wise analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by pooled analysis of variance (pooled ANOVA) over three locations. From the pooled ANOVA, the characters that exhibited significant genotype x environment (G x E) interaction were further assessed for stability using two models, Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction effects (AMMI) model and the Genotype main effects plus Genotype-by Environment interaction effect (GGE) biplot. ANOVA revealed significant difference between genotypes for all the eleven characters considered. However, the error variances were homogeneous only for the characters number of fruits per plant, number of infested fruits per plant, number of shoots per plant, number of infested shoots per plant, fruit weight (g), marketable yield per plant (g) and per cent fruit infestation in Bartlett’s test. These seven characters were subjected to pooled ANOVA across three environments. Significant G x E interaction was observed in all characters considered and were hence forwarded for analysing with the stability. The AMMI model with its additive as well as multiplicative formulations could interpret the complex G x E patterns effectively through the AMMI biplots. Genotypes were scored and then ranked, according to their Stability Index (SI) value computed on the basis of rank of AMMI Stability Value (rASV) and the rank of performance for each character (rY). It was observed that Ponni x Vengeri and Neelima with lowest score, ranked as the best and stable genotypes followed by Vengeri. The GGE biplot model enabled effective interpretation of genotype x environment interaction by providing visual understanding of genotype and test environment evaluation through mean versus stability graph, ranking of genotypes, ranking of environments and which-won-where analysis. On an overall basis, it was identified from GGE biplot method that Neelima, Vengeri and Ponni x Vengeri were the most stable and highly performing genotypes. Comparison of results from the two models of stability confirmed Neelima, Vengeri and Ponni x Vengeri as the most stable and promising genotypes that these genotypes can be evaluated in large fields so as to confirm with the results and for checking the suitability of genotype Ponni x Vengeri to be released as a variety. In second experiment, F2 population of the cross Ponni x Vengeri exhibited wide range of segregation for all the characters evaluated. Correlation study revealed that marketable yield per plant (g) exhibited a significant positive association with number of flowers, number of fruits, number of shoots, fruit weight (g) and total yield (g), and a negative correlation with per cent fruit damage in the cross Ponni × Vengeri and the yield could be boosted through selection based on these characters. Ten best performing plants having a marketable yield of more than 600 g were selected and can be forwarded to the further generations. But in case of the cross Haritha × IC 624241 none of the plants performed well. So this cross need not be forwarded for further improvement.